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SOIL
FORMATION
1
LEARNING OUTCOME (CO2:PO1)
LO
2
‘Soil is a natural body comprised of solids (minerals and
organic matter), liquid, and gases that occurs on the land
surface, occupies space, and is characterized by one or
both of the following: horizons, or layers, that are
distinguishable from the initial material as a result of
additions, losses, transfers, and transformations of energy
and matter or the ability to support rooted plants in a
natural environment.’
• SOIL ENGINEERING
• Soil engineering is the application of the principles of the soil
mechanics to practical problems (Das, 1997).
• The publication of “erdbaumechanik” by Karl Terzaghi (1925)
“father of soil mechanics” gave birth to modern soil mechanics
which include fundamental principles of soil mechanics on
which advance studies are made.
Soil is a combination of mineral and organic
matter, water, and air
Soil
Saprolite is weathered rock that retains remnant rock structure.
Saprolite
5 factors that influence soil formation:
(i) Parent material
Few soils weather directly from the underlying rocks.
These "residual" soils have the same general
chemistry as the original rocks.
More commonly, soils form in materials that have
moved in from elsewhere.
Residual soil: parent material is the underlying
bedrock
Transported soil: forms in place on parent material
that has been carried from elsewhere and
deposited.
• (ii) Time
C Crushed Rock
Soil Types
PEDOCAL
• Rich in white calcium carbonate (caliche) in B horizon
• Form in arid climate
• Associated with dry grasslands and brush vegetation
LATERITE