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What is a circuit?
• An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.
• It may consist of only two elements or many more.
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Units
• When taking measurements,
we must use units to quantify
values
• We use the International
Systems of Units (SI for short)
• Prefixes on SI units allow for
easy relationships between
large and small values
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SI Units
• Any measurement that is made must be
compared to a standard reference.
• This reference is called a ‘unit’ such as
kilograms or feet.
• Units are found everywhere and are collected
together in sets.
• The set that is recognized and used across the
world is the International System (SI).
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SI Units II
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Converting Units
• Despite the universally adopted SI units, other
sets of units exist.
• One often needs to change a measured value
from one set of units to another.
• This is done by multiplying or dividing by a
“conversion factor.”
• An example of this is that there are 60 seconds
in a minute.
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Converting Units II
• Let’s take an example of a time measured to
be 30 seconds.
• In this case, we have a conversion factor of 60
seconds per minute.
• We need the seconds units to cancel,
therefore we divide by the factor:
1min
30sec � = 0.5min
60sec
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DC NETWORK ANALYSIS
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
There are two types of elements found in electric circuits:
passive elements and active elements.
An active element is capable of generating energy while a
passive element is not.
An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active
element in which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.
An open circuit is one where the continuity has been broken
by an interruption in the path for electrons to flow.
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Circular mil (CM) – area of a circle having a diameter (d) of one mil.
CONDUCTANCE
Conductance is a measure of the material’s ability to conduct
electric current.
- it is equal to the reciprocal of reistance
Siemens (formerly mho) – unit of conductance
- named after the German engineer
Ernst Werner von Siemens ( 1816 – 1892 )
OHM's LAW
Find VR2.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK
THEOREMS
Millman's Theorem
In Millman's Theorem, the circuit is re-drawn as a
parallel network of branches, each branch containing a
resistor or series battery/resistor combination. Millman's
Theorem is applicable only to those circuits which can be
re-drawn accordingly.
Millman's Theorem is nothing more than a long equation,
applied to any circuit drawn as a set of parallel-connected
branches, each branch with its own voltage source and
series resistance:
To solve for branch currents,
each resistor voltage drop can
be divided by its respective
resistance (I=E/R):
Answers: I = 1A
P = 8 watts
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
The Superposition Theorem states that a circuit can be
analyzed with only one source of power at a time, the
corresponding component voltages and currents
algebraically added to find out what they'll do with all
power sources in effect.
To negate all but one power source for analysis, replace
any source of voltage (batteries) with a wire; replace any
current source with an open (break).
Example
One for the circuit with only the One for the circuit with only the
28 volt battery in effect. . . 7 volt battery in effect. . .
Example 2. Use superposition to find vo
in the circuit
Answer: vo = 7 volts
THEVENIN'S THEOREM
Thevenin's Theorem states that it is possible to simplify
any linear circuit, no matter how complex, to an
equivalent circuit with just a single voltage source and
series resistance connected to a load.
Answer:
NORTON'S THEOREM
Norton's Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any
linear circuit, no matter how complex, to an equivalent circuit
with just a single current source and parallel resistance
connected to a load.
Answer:
THEVENIN-NORTON EQUIVALENCIES
Thevenin and Norton resistances are equal.
A load impedance that is too low will not only result in low
power output, but possibly overheating of the amplifier due
to the power dissipated in its internal (Thevenin or Norton)
impedance.
Example: The variable resistor R is adjusted
until it absorbs the maximum power from the
circuit. (a) Calculate the value of R for
maximum power. (b) Determine the maximum
power absorbed by R.
RTh :
VTh :
Δ-Y AND Y-Δ CONVERSIONS
In many circuit applications, we encounter components
connected together in one of two ways to form a three-
terminal network: the "Delta," or Δ (also known as the "Pi," or
π) configuration, and the "Y" (also known as the "T")
configuration.
For identical resistances:
RY = R∆/3 R∆ = 3 RY
Calculate Io in the circuit