MODELING AND SIMULATION

A BRIEF IDEA
 MODELING
• PROCESS OF PRODUCING A MODEL WHICH REPRESENTS THE
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF ACTUAL SYSTEM.
• SIMILAR AND SIMPLER THAN THE ACTUAL SYSTEM.
• MATHEMATICAL MODEL IS REPRESENTATION OF MODEL IN
TERMS OF MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS.
• STARTING FROM CONCEPTUAL DESIGN COMPLETE DESIGN
PROBLEM IS FORMULATED COVERING DOMINANT ASPECTS OF
THE SYSTEM NEGLECTING THE SMALLER EFFECTS.
• CONSERATION PRINCIPLES AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES ARE
TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATIONS.
• MATHEMATICAL MODELING YIELDS ALGEBRIC, DIFFERENTIAL
AND INTEGRAL EQUATIONS.
• EQUATIONS ARE DISCRETIZED USING FDM, FEM, FVM FOR THE
DOMAIN TO BE MODELED.
• MODELING AND SIMULAION HELPS TO PREDICT THE
BEHAVIOUR OF ACTUAL SYSTEM USING PRINCIPLE OF
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS, GOVERNING DIMENSIONLESS
GROUPS.
• COMPLEXITY OF ANALYSIS IS REDUCED BY REDUCING THE
NUMBER OF PARMETERS THAT NEED TO BE VARIED TO
CHARATERIZE THE GIVEN SYSTEM.
• MATHEMATICAL MODEL IS SOLVED NUMERICALLY OR
ANALYTICALLY AND RESULTS OF THAT ARE COMPARED
WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO SEE THE ACCURACY AND
VALIDITY OF MODELING AND SIMULATION PROCESS.
• MODEL IS SUBJECTED TO RANGE OF OPERATING
CONDITIONS TO STUDY THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE SYSTEM
AND THUS OBTAIN A SATISFACTORY OR THE OPTIMAL
DESIGN.
 EXAMPLE: STEAM POWER PLANT
• BOILER, TURBINE, CONDENSER AND PUMP
ARE CONSIDERED INDIVIDUALLY AND THEN
COORESPONDING MODELS ARE DEVELOPED.
• DIFFERENT SUBSYSTEMS ARE LINKED TO EACH
OTHER THROUGH BC’S AND MASS,
MOMENTUM AND ENERGY INTERACTIONS
BETWEEN THEM.
• AFTER OPTIMAL DESIGN OF INDIVIDUAL
COMPONENTS THEY ARE FINALLY BROUGHT
TOGETHER TO MAKE UP COMPLETE SYSTEM.
 SIMULATION
• THIS BASICALLY SUBJECTING THE THERMAL SYSTEM TO
VARIOUS INPUTS,OPERATING CONDITIONS AND TO
DETERMINE HOW IT BEHAVES AND DETERMINE THE
CHARATERISTICS OF ACTUAL PHYSICAL SYSTEM IN TOTALLY
VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT FOR RANGE OF OPERATING
CONDITIONS WITHOUT MAKING ANY PROTOTYPE.
• SIMULATION CAN BE CARRIED OUT ON PROTOTYPES ALSO,
THE EXPENSE AND EFFORTS INVOLVED GENERALLY MAKES
IT IMPOSSIBLE TO USE THESE FOR DESIGN SINCE FOR
DIFFERENT DESIGN MANY OPERATING CONDITIONS ARE TO
BE CONSIDERED AND EVALUATED.
• THEREFORE PROTOTYPE TESTING IS ALWAYS PERFORMED
AFTER SIMULATION WITH MATHEMATICAL MODEL IS
COMPLETE i.e. OPTIMAL DESIGN IS OBTAINED.
 NUMERICAL SIMULATION
• A COMPUTER PROGRAMME OF SOLUTION
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PROBLEM DERIVED IN TERMS
OF COMPLEX GOVERNING EQUATIONS, COMPLICATED
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS IS KNOWN AS NUMERICAL
MODEL OR CODE.
• MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND EXPERIMENTALLY AVAILABLE
INPUT DATA IS INCORPORATED INTO NUMERICAL MODEL.
• THE PROCESS OF EXECUTING NUMERICAL MODEL OR
CODE SUBJECTED TO OVERALL RANGE OF DESIGN
VARIABLE WITHIN THE DOMAIN OF CONSTRAINTS
KNOWN AS NUMERICAL SIMULATION OR NUMERICAL
CODING OR NUMERICAL ALGORITHM.
VALIDATION OF MODELING AND SIMULATION

• HOW CLOSELY IT REPRESENTS THE REAL WORLD

SYSTEM?
• HOW ACCURATE RESULTS AND BEHAVIOUR DOES
IT PREDICT WITH THAT OF ACTUAL SYSTEM?
• COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SIMULATION AND
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ARE PERFORMED TO
SEE THE ACCURACY.
• THE ACCURACY AND VALIDITY OF NUMERICAL
CODE DEPENDS UPON THE QUALITY OF
MODELING, MESHING AND SIMULATION.
 CONTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER AND
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION
• D1 = INNER TUBE DIA, D2 = OUTER TUBE DIA,
• T1 = INNER TUBE THICKNESS, T2 = OUTER TUBE THICKNESS
• M1=MASS FLOW RATE INNER TUBE, M2= MASS FLOW RATE OUTER TUBE
• T1 (IT)= INLET TEMP FOR INNER TUBE, T1(OT)= INNER TEMP FOR OUTER
TUBE. L= LENGTH OF TUBE.
• T2(IT)=OUTER TEMP FOR INNER TUBE.
• T2(OT)= OUTER TEMP FOR OUTER TUBE.
FIX: L AND D1 VARY D2 , MASS FLOW RATES AND INLET TEMPS.
FIX: LAND D2 VARY D1, MASS FLOW RATES AND INLET TEMPS.
ASSUME OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COFFICIENT IS CONSTANT
DETERMINE THE HEAT TRANSFER RATE Q FOR EACH OF THE COMBINATIONS
OF DESIGNS. MANY ACCEPTABLES DESIGNS ARE OBTAINED USING MODELING
AND SIMULATION TECHNIQUE. THOSE ACCEPTABLE DESIGNS CONSTITUES THE
DOMAIN OF ACCEPTABLE DESIGNS ALONG WITH THE GIVEN CONSTRAINTS.
OUT OF THAT DOMAIN AN OPTIMAL DESIGN MAY BE CHOSEN.
 OPTIMAL DESIGN
• OPTIMIZATION IS SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO
MINIMIZE OF MAXIMIZE A CHOSEN QUANTITY
OR OBJECTIVE FUNCTION.
• OPTIMIZATION PROCESS IS APPLIED TO
ACCEPTABLE DESIGNS.
• THERE EXIST A LARGE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
THE OPTIMIZED AND NON OPTIMIZED
PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF ENERGY
CONSUMPTION, PRODUCT QUALITY, THERMAL
EFFICIENCY, TOTAL COSTS.
 SAFETY FEATURES, AUTOMATION AND CONTROLS

• SAFE OPERATION OF THE THERMAL SYSTEM AND

WITHIN THE CONTROLLED OPEATIONAL LIMITS.
• SENSORS BASICALLY MONITORS TEMP,
PRESSURE, FLOW RATES FOR THE SAFE
WORKING ENVIRONMENT.
• IN CARS SENSORS INDICATE THE ENGINE
OVERHEATING OR MALFUNCTIONING OF OTHER
COMPONENTS.
• SIMILARLY BOILER OVERHEATING CAN BE
AVOIDED BY INSTALLING THE FUSIBLE PLUG
ABOVE THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER.
• THE INPUT SIGNALS FROM THE SENSORS
(THERMISTORS, THERMOCOUPLES, FLUX
METERS, FLOWMETERS, PRESSURE
TRANSDUCERS, ETC.), ARE ELECTRONICALLY
PROCESSED AND FED INTO THE CONTROL
SYSTEM.
• WHICH DETERMINES THE ACTION TO BE TAKEN.
AN APPROPRIATE SIGNAL IS THEN GIVEN TO
THE ACTUATORS, WHICH MAKE THE DESIRED
CHANGES IN THE SYSTEM, SUCH AS REDUCING
THE FLOW RATE, INCREASING THE HEAT INPUT,
AND TURNING OFF THE POWER.
 DESIGN COMMUNICATION
• THE COMMUNICATION OF THE FINAL DESIGN TO THE CLIENT OR
CUSTOMER AND TO THOSE WHO WILL IMPLEMENT THE DESIGN IS
AN IMPORTANT INGREDIENT IN THE OVERALL SUCCESS OF THE
PROJECT.
• DETAILED ENGINEERING DRAWINGS
• A LIST OF PARTS AND MATERIALS SELECTED
• COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION RESULTS
MAY BE MORE APPROPRIATE FOR PROTOTYPE TESTING
• WORKING MODELS AND RESULTS ON IMPORTANT OUTPUTS FROM
THE SYSTEM UNDER DIFFERENT OPERATING CONDITIONS, OFTEN
SHOWN AS CHARTS AND GRAPHS, ARE USEFUL FOR PRESENTATION
TO THE CUSTOMER.
• THE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE DESIGN GROUP AND OTHERS
GENERALLY CONTINUES THROUGHOUT THE DURATION OF THE
EFFORT TO ENSURE THAT ALL THE IMPORTANT ELEMENTS IN THE
DESIGN ARE CONSIDERED.
 MODES OF DESIGN COMMUNICATION
• TECHNICAL REPORTS
• ORAL PRESENTATION
• GRAPHIC AND VISUAL AIDS
• ENGINEERING DRAWINGS
• DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
• COMPUTER PROGRAM AND SIMULATION
RESULTS
• WORKING MODELS
 PATENTS AND COPYRIGHTS

• THE IDEAS AND INTELLECTUAL WORK DONE IN

DEVELOPING THE RELEVANT TECHNOLOGY ARE
COLLECTIVELY KNOWN AS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY.
PATENTS AND COPYRIGHTS ARE THE MEANS USED FOR
THE PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OF A
COMPANY OR AN INDIVIDUAL.
• PATENTS COVER A WIDE VARIETY OF INVENTIONS IN
THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES: PROCESSES, MACHINES,
MANUFACTURED ITEMS, MATERIALS, AND HUMAN-
MADE MICROORGANISMS. COMPUTER PROGRAMS ARE
GENERALLY NOT PATENTED, THOUGH THESE ARE
COPYRIGHTED, AS MENTIONED BELOW, AND PROCESSES
BASED ON COMPUTER USAGE MAY BE PATENTED.
• TO OBTAIN A PATENT, IT MUST BE ESTABLISHED THAT
THE INVENTION IS NEW, FEASIBLE, USEFUL, AND NOT
SOMETHING COMMONLY USED IN THE RELEVANT AREA.
THUS, NATURAL LAWS, MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS,
COMMONLY USED PROCEDURES, AND FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPTS CANNOT BE PATENTED. A THOROUGH
SEARCH IS FIRST CARRIED OUT TO DETERMINE IF THE
IDEA IS NEW. IF IT HAS BEEN PUBLISHED IN THE
LITERATURE MORE THAN A YEAR BEFORE APPLYING FOR
A PATENT, IT IS NOT TREATED AS NEW.
• MANY INVENTIONS THAT VIOLATE BASIC LAWS, SUCH AS
THE FIRST AND SECOND LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS,
HAVE BEEN PROPOSED IN THE PAST AND TURNED
DOWN.
 COPYRIGHTING
• COPYRIGHTS ARE USED FOR A VARIETY OF ITEMS THAT REPRESENT CREATIVE
EXPRESSIONS IN THE ARTS AND SCIENCES. THESE INCLUDE BOOKS,
COMPUTER SOFTWARE, MUSIC, AUDIO AND VIDEO RECORDINGS, DRAWINGS,
PAINTINGS, AND SO ON. THE TERM OF THE COPYRIGHT IS 50 YEARS BEYOND
THE LIFE OF THE WRITER OR COMPOSER. FOR A COMPANY, IT IS 75 YEARS
FROM THE PUBLICATION OF THE MATERIAL.
• TRADEMARKS ARE SYMBOLS, NAMES, WORDS, PATTERNS, ETC., USED BY A
COMPANY TO INDICATE ITS PRODUCTS, AND THEY MAY BE USED AND
PROTECTED INDEFINITELY. TRADEMARKS TEND TO BE SIMPLE AND EASY TO
REMEMBER SO THAT THEIR APPEARANCE IN A MAGAZINE, NEWSPAPER, OR
TELEVISION WILL IMMEDIATELY REVEAL THE ASSOCIATION WITH A GIVEN
COMPANY OR PRODUCT. A TRADEMARK IS A COMPANY PROPERTY AND THE
SYMBOL R IS USED TO INDICATE THAT IT HAS BEEN REGISTERED. APPLE, NIKE,
FORD, GM, AND MICROSOFT HAVE WELL-KNOWN TRADEMARKS, AS DO
MOST OTHER PROMINENT COMPANIES. FORMULAS, PROCEDURES, AND
INFORMATION THAT A COMPANY WANTS TO MAINTAIN AS SECRET ARE NOT
PATENTED, BUT KEPT AS TRADE SECRETS. THE FORMULA FOR COCA-COLA IS A
WELL-KNOWN EXAMPLE OF A TRADE SECRET. THERE IS NO LEGAL
PROTECTION AND THE COMPANY IS RESPONSIBLE FOR KEEPING IT A SECRET.
 LICENSING
• LICENSING OF A PATENTED INVENTION MAY BE UNDERTAKEN
BY A COMPANY OR AN INDIVIDUAL BY GIVING EXCLUSIVE
RIGHTS TO ANOTHER COMPANY TO MANUFACTURE, USE, AND
SELL THE ITEM OVER A SPECIFIED REGION. SEVERAL COMPANIES
MAY BE LICENSED OR A SINGLE COMPANY MAY BE CHOSEN.
ROYALTIES ARE PAID, USUALLY AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE PROFIT,
TO THE HOLDERS OF THE PATENT.
• THUS, THE PATENTS CAN BECOME A SOURCE OF REVENUE,
BEING QUITE SUBSTANTIAL IN MANY CASES. COMPUTER
SOFTWARE HAS BECOME VERY IMPORTANT IN THE LAST TWO
DECADES, WITH MANY COMPANIES SUCH AS MICROSOFT
CORPORATION ENGAGED IN DEVELOPING, SELLING, AND
LEASING SOFTWARE. APPROPRIATE PRICING AND SALE OF THE
SOFTWARE RECOVER THE EXPENSES BORNE BY THE COMPANY
IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOFTWARE.
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON MATERIALS
 SELECTION OF MATERIALS
• DETERMINATION OF MATERIAL
REQUIREMENTS.
• CONSIDERATION OF AVAILABLE
MATERIALS.
• SELECTING A GROUP OF POSSIBLE
MATERIALS.
• STUDY OF MATERIAL PERFORMANCE.
• SELECTION OF BEST MATERIAL.
PROBLEM BASED UPON MATERIAL SELECTION