 SEEKS TO DESCRIBE THE CURRENT

STATUS OF A VARIABLE OR
PHENOMENON
 explores the relationship between
variables using statistical analyses
 seeks to establish a cause-effect
relationship between two or more
variables
 use the scientific method to establish
cause-effect relationship among a group
of variables in a research study.
 Researchers commonly examine traits or
characteristics of populations in their
studies.
 Is a group of individual units with
some commonality.
 All individuals or objects within a
certain population usually have a
common, binding characteristic or
trait.
 The sample will be representative of the
population if the researcher uses
a random selection procedure to choose
participants.
 a group of people, objects, or items that
are taken from a larger population for
measurement.
 THIS IS THE PROCESS WHEREBY A
RESEARCHER CHOOSES HIS OR HER
SAMPLE
 Uses randomization and takes steps to
ensure all members of a population have
a chance of being selected.
 RANDOM SAMPLING
 STRATIFIED SAMPLING
 SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
 CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING
 MULTI-STAGE RANDOM SAMPLING
 EVERY MEMBER HAS AN EQUAL
CHANCE TO BE PICKED OR CHOSED
 population divided into subgroups
(strata) and members are randomly
selected from each group.
 uses a specific system to select members
such as every 10th person on an
alphabetized list.
 divides the population into clusters,
clusters are randomly selected and all
members of the cluster selected are
sampled.
 a combination of one or more of the
above methods.
 Does not rely on the use of
randomization techniques to select
members.
 Convenience or accidental sampling
 Purposive sampling
 Modal instance sampling
 Expert sampling
 Proportional and non-proportional sampling
 Diversity sampling
 Snowball sampling
 members or units are selected based on
availability
 members of a particular group are
purposefully sought after
 members or units are the most common
within a defined group and therefore are
sought after
 members considered to be of high
quality are chosen for participation
 members are sampled until exact
proportions of certain types of data are
obtained or until sufficient data in
different categories is collected
 members are selected intentionally across
the possible types of responses to capture
all possibilities
 members are sampled and then asked to
help identify other members to sample
and this process continues until enough
samples are collected