Glover 6e - Chapter 02

Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma
Chapter 2:
Fundamentals
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 0
website, in whole or in part.
Review of Phasors
Goal of phasor analysis is to simplify the analysis of constant
frequency ac systems
v(t) = Vmax cos(wt + qv)

i(t) = Imax cos(wt + qI)
Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage of sinusoid
1T Vmax
 v(t ) dt 
2
T0 2
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part. 1
Phasor Representation
Euler's Identity: e jq  cosq  j sin q
Phasor notation is developed by rewriting

using Euler's identity
v(t )  2 V cos(wt  qV )
v(t )  2 V Re e j (wt qV ) 
(Note: V is the RMS voltage)
whole or in part. 2
Phasor Representation, cont’d

The RMS, cosine-referenced voltage phasor is:
V  V e jqV  V qV
v(t )  Re 2 Ve jw t e jqV
V  V cosqV  j V sin qV
I  I cosq I  j I sin q I
(Note: Some texts use “boldface” type for

complex numbers, or “bars on the top”)
whole or in part. 3
Advantages of Phasor Analysis

Device Time Analysis Phasor
Resistor v(t )  Ri (t ) V  RI
di (t )
Inductor v(t )  L V  jw LI
dt
1t 1
Capacitor 
C0
i (t ) dt  v(0) V 
jw C
I
Z = Impedance  R  jX  Z 
R = Resistance
(Note: Z is a
X = Reactance complex number but
X
Z = R2  X 2  =arctan( ) not a phasor)
R
whole or in part. 4
RL Circuit Example
V (t )  2 100cos(w t  30)
f  60Hz
R  4 X  wL  3
Z  42  32  5   36.9
V 10030
I  
Z 536.9
 20  6.9 Amps
i(t)  20 2 cos(w t  6.9)
whole or in part. 5
Complex Power
Power
p(t )  v(t ) i (t )
v(t) = Vmax cos(w t  qV )
i (t) = I max cos(w t  q I )
1
cos cos   [cos(   )  cos(   )]
2
1
p(t )  Vmax I max [cos(qV  q I ) 
2
cos(2w t  qV  q I )]
whole or in part. 6
Complex Power, cont’d

Average Power
1
p (t )  Vmax I max [cos(qV  q I )  cos(2wt  qV  q I )]
2
1T
Pavg  
T0
p (t )dt
1
 Vmax I max cos(qV  q I )
2
 V I cos(qV  q I )
Power Factor Angle =  =qV  q I

whole or in part. 7
Complex Power
S  V I  cos(qV  q I )  j sin(qV  q I ) 
 P  jQ
(Note: S is a complex number but not a phasor)
 V I *
P = Real Power (W, kW, MW)

Q = Reactive Power (var, kvar, Mvar)
S = Complex Power (VA, kVA, MVA)
Power Factor (pf) = cos
If current leads voltage then pf is leading
If current lags voltage then pf is lagging
whole or in part. 8
Complex Power, cont’d

Relationships between real, reactive and complex power
P  S cos 
Q  S sin    S 1  pf 2
Example: A load draws 100 kW with a leading pf of 0.85.

What are  (power factor angle), Q and S ?
  -cos 1 0.85  31.8
100kW
S   117.6 kVA
0.85
Q  117.6sin(31.8)  62.0 kVar
whole or in part. 9
Conservation of Power
 At every node (bus) in the system
– Sum of real power into node must equal zero
– Sum of reactive power into node must equal zero
 This is a direct consequence of Kirchhoff’s current law, which
states that the total current into each node must equal zero.
– Conservation of power follows since S = VI*
whole or in part. 10
Conservation of Power Example

Earlier we found
I = 20-6.9 amps
S  V I *  10030  206.9  200036.9 VA

  36.9 pf = 0.8 lagging
SR  VR I *  4  20  6.9 206.9
2
PR  1600W  I R (Q R  0)
SL  VL I *  3 j  20  6.9 206.9
2
Q L  1200 var  I X (PL  0)
Power Consumption in Devices

Resistors only consume real power
2
PResistor  I Resistor R
Inductors only consume reactive power
2
Q Inductor  I Inductor X L
Capacitors only generate reactive power
2 1
QCapacitor   I Capacitor X C XC 
wC
2
VCapacitor
QCapacitor   (Note-some define X C negative)
XC
Example
First solve
basic circuit
400000 V
I   4000 Amps
1000 
V  400000  (5  j 40) 4000
 42000  j16000  44.920.8 kV
S  V I *  44.9k20.8 4000
 17.9820.8 MVA  16.8  j 6.4 MVA
Example, cont’d
Now add additional
reactive power load
and re-solve
Z Load  70.7 pf  0.7 lagging

I  564  45 Amps
V  59.713.6 kV
S  33.758.6 MVA  17.6  j 28.8 MVA
Power System Notation

Power system components are usually shown as
“one-line diagrams.” Previous circuit redrawn
17.6 MW 16.0 MW
28.8 MVR -16.0 MVR
59.7 kV 40.0 kV
17.6 MW
16.0 MW
28.8 MVR
16.0 MVR
Generators are Transmission lines

Arrows are used
are shown as a
shown as circles to show loads
single line
Reactive Compensation
Key idea of reactive compensation is to supply reactive
power locally. In the previous example this can
be done by adding a 16 Mvar capacitor at the load
16.8 MW 16.0 MW
6.4 MVR 0.0 MVR
44.94 kV 40.0 kV
16.8 MW
16.0 MW
6.4 MVR
16.0 MVR
16.0 MVR
Compensated circuit is identical to first example with

just real power load
Reactive Compensation, cont’d

 Reactive compensation decreased the line flow from 564
Amps to 400 Amps. This has advantages
– Lines losses, which are equal to I2 R decrease
– Lower current allows utility to use small wires, or
alternatively, supply more load over the same wires
– Voltage drop on the line is less
 Reactive compensation is used extensively by utilities
 Capacitors can be used to “correct” a load’s power
factor to an arbitrary value.
Power Factor Correction Example

Assume we have 100 kVA load with pf = 0.8 lagging,
and would like to correct the pf to 0.95 lagging
S  80  j 60 kVA   cos 1 0.8  36.9
1
PF of 0.95 requires desired  cos 0.95  18.2
Snew  80  j (60  Qcap )
60 - Qcap
 tan18.2  60  Qcap  26.3 kvar
80
Qcap  33.7 kvar
Distribution System Capacitors
Balanced 3 Phase () Systems

 A balanced 3 phase () system has
– three voltage sources with equal magnitude, but with an
angle shift of 120
– equal loads on each phase
– equal impedance on the lines connecting the generators to
the loads
 Bulk power systems are almost exclusively 3
 Single phase is used primarily only in low voltage, low
power settings, such as residential and some commercial
Balanced 3 – No Neutral Current
I n  I a  Ib  I c
V
In  (10  1   1  
Z
S  Van I an
*
 Vbn I bn
*
 Vcn I cn
*
 3 Van I an
*
Advantages of 3 Power
 Can transmit more power for same amount of wire (twice
as much as single phase)
 Torque produced by 3 machines is constant
 Three phase machines use less material for same power
rating
 Three phase machines start more easily than single phase
machines
Three Phase – Y Connection

 There are two ways to connect 3 systems
– Wye (Y)
– Delta ()
Wye Connection Voltages

Van  V  
Vbn  V   
Vcn  V   
Y Connection Line Voltages

Vcn Vab
Vca
-Vbn
Van
Vbn
(α = 0 in this case)
Vbc
Vab  Van  Vbn  V (1  1  120
 3 V   30
Line to line voltages are
Vbc  3 V   90 also balanced
Vca  3 V   150
Y Connection, cont’d
 Define voltage/current across/through device to be phase
voltage/current
 Define voltage/current across/through lines to be line
voltage/current
j
VLine  3 VPhase 130  3 VPhase e 6
I Line  I Phase
S3  3 VPhase I Phase
*
Delta Connection
For the Delta
phase voltages equal
line voltages
For currents
Ic Ia  I ab  I ca
Ica
 3 I ab   
I b  I bc  I ab
Ib Iab Ic  I ca  I bc
Ibc
Ia S3  3 VPhase I Phase
*
Three Phase Example

Assume a -connected load is supplied from a 3
13.8 kV (L-L) source with Z = 10020
Vab  13.80 kV
Vbc  13.8 0 kV
Vca  13.80 kV
13.80 kV
I ab   138  20 amps
 
I bc  138  140 amps I ca  1380 amps
Three Phase Example, cont’d

I a  I ab  I ca  138  20  1380
 239  50 amps
I b  239  170 amps I c  2390 amps
S  3  Vab I ab
*
 3  13.80kV  138 amps
 5.7 MVA
 5.37  j1.95 MVA
pf  cos 20   lagging
Δ-Y Transformation
To simplify analysis of balanced 3 systems:
1) Δ-connected loads can be replaced by
1
Y-connected loads with ZY  Z 
3
2) Δ-connected sources can be replaced by
VLine
Y-connected sources with Vphase 
330
Δ-Y Transformation Proof
From the  side we get

Vab Vca Vab  Vca
Ia   
Z Z Z
Vab  Vca
Hence Z 
Ia
Δ-Y Transformation, cont’d

From the Y side we get
Vab  ZY ( I a  I b ) Vca  ZY ( I c  I a )
Vab  Vca  ZY (2 I a  I b  I c )
Since Ia  I b  I c  0  I a   I b  I c
Hence Vab  Vca  3 ZY I a
Vab  Vca
3 ZY   Z
Ia
1
Therefore ZY  Z
3
Three Phase Transmission Line
Per Phase Analysis

 Per phase analysis allows analysis of balanced 3 systems
with the same effort as for a single phase system
 Balanced 3 Theorem: For a balanced 3 system with
– All loads and sources Y connected
– No mutual Inductance between phases
Per Phase Analysis, cont’d

 Then
– All neutrals are at the same potential
– All phases are COMPLETELY decoupled
– All system values are the same sequence as sources. The
sequence order we’ve been using (phase b lags phase a
and phase c lags phase a) is known as “positive”
sequence; later in the course we’ll discuss negative and
zero sequence systems.
Per Phase Analysis Procedure

To do per phase analysis
1. Convert all  load/sources to equivalent Y’s
2. Solve phase “a” independent of the other phases
3. Total system power S = 3 Va Ia*
4. If desired, phase “b” and “c” values can be
determined by inspection (i.e., ±120° degree phase
shifts)
5. If necessary, go back to the original circuit to
determine line-line values or internal  values.
Per Phase Example

Assume a 3, Y-connected generator with Van = 10 volts
supplies a -connected load with Z = -j through a
transmission line with impedance of j0.1 per phase. The
load is also connected to a -connected generator with
Va″b″ = 10 through a second transmission line which also
has an impedance of j0.1 per phase.
Find
1. The load voltage Va′b′
2. The total power supplied by each generator, SY and S
Per Phase Example, cont’d
First convert the delta load and source to equivalent

Y values and draw just the "a" phase circuit
To solve the circuit, write the KCL equation at a'

1
(Va  10)(10 j )  Va (3 j )  (Va 
' ' '
   j  
3

To solve the circuit, write the KCL equation at a'
1
(Va  10)(10 j )  Va (3 j )  (Va 
' ' '
   j  
3
10
(10 j  60)  Va' (10 j  3 j  10 j )
3
Va'  0.9  volts Vb'  0.9  volts
Vc'  0.9 volts '
Vab  1.56 volts

*
 Va  Va 
'
Sygen  3Va I a*  Va    5.1  j 3.5 VA
 j 0.1 
 ' *
" Va
"
 Va
Sgen  3Va    5.1  j 4.7 VA
 j 0.1 

Glover 6e - Chapter 02

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Power System Analysis and Design, 6e Glover, Overbye, Sarma

v(t) = Vmax cos(wt + qv)

Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage of sinusoid

Phasor notation is developed by rewriting

Phasor Representation, cont’d

(Note: Some texts use “boldface” type for

Advantages of Phasor Analysis

Complex Power, cont’d

Power Factor Angle =  =qV  q I

P = Real Power (W, kW, MW)

Complex Power, cont’d

Example: A load draws 100 kW with a leading pf of 0.85.

Conservation of Power Example

S  V I *  10030  206.9  200036.9 VA

Power Consumption in Devices

Z Load  70.7 pf  0.7 lagging

Power System Notation

Generators are Transmission lines

Compensated circuit is identical to first example with

Reactive Compensation, cont’d

Power Factor Correction Example

Distribution System Capacitors

Balanced 3 Phase () Systems

Balanced 3 – No Neutral Current

Three Phase – Y Connection

Wye Connection Voltages

Y Connection Line Voltages

Three Phase Example

Three Phase Example, cont’d

Δ-Y Transformation Proof

From the  side we get

Δ-Y Transformation, cont’d

Three Phase Transmission Line

Per Phase Analysis

Per Phase Analysis, cont’d

Per Phase Analysis Procedure

Per Phase Example

Per Phase Example, cont’d

First convert the delta load and source to equivalent

Per Phase Example, cont’d

To solve the circuit, write the KCL equation at a'

Per Phase Example, cont’d

Per Phase Example, cont’d

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