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• A cut triggers
vascular spasm
• 30-minute
contraction
Figure 19–11a
3 Steps of the Vascular Phase
1. Endothelial cells contract:
– expose basal lamina to bloodstream
2. Endothelial cells release:
– chemical factors: ADP, tissue factor, prostacyclin
– local hormones: endothelins
– stimulate smooth muscle contraction and cell
division
3. Endothelial cell membranes become “sticky”:
– seal off blood flow
Functions of Thrombin
• Stimulates formation of tissue factor
– stimulates release of PF-3:
– forms positive feedback loop (intrinsic and
extrinsic):
• accelerates clotting
The Platelet Phase
• Begins
within
15
seconds
after
injury
Figure 19–11b
Platelets
• Small fragments of megakaryocytes
• Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin
• Blue-staining outer region, purple granules
• Granules contain serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes,
ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor
(PDGF)
Roles of Vessel Endothelial Cells in
Physiological Hemostasis
Figure 19–12a
Blood Coagulation
Blood Clotting Factor
• Definition: The process of blood flow from
flowing liquid to gel or gelatin.
• Serum: Light yellow fluid after blood
coagulation.
• Difference between serum and plasma mainly
consists in no fibrinogen in serum.
• Blood coagulation is a series of complicated
biochemical reactions with various enzymes.
• Blood clotting factor: Material which are
directly involved in blood coagulation. There
are 12 factors named Roman numerals, except
Ca2+, phospholipid,other factors being
protein, and except FIII (TF), others are in fresh
plasma synthesized by liver with VitK .