YOGESH P.

CHAUDHARI
LECTURER INSTRUMENTATION

APPLICATIONS OF
TRANSDUCERS
LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Define and identify sensors and transducer.

2. Draw and describe block diagram of Instrumentation system.
3. Classify transducers.
PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE

 Students must have knowledge of basic electronic components.

 Students must have knowledge of basic electrical principle.
 Students must have knowledge of electrical and electronic measurements.
 SENSOR

Sensor is defined as it is an element which respond to physical phenomenon, the

response of sensing element must be closely related to the physical phenomenon.
SENSOR

Examples – The mercury used in the thermometer converts the measurand temperature
into an expansion and contraction of the liquid which is easily measured with the help of
a calibrated glass tube.
The motion sensors are used in the home security system and the automation door
system.
The photo sensor senses the infrared or ultraviolet light.
The accelerometer sensor use in the mobile for detecting the screen rotations.
TRANSDUCER

Transducer is defined as a device which converts energy from one form to another i.e.
physical to physical , physical to electrical or electrical to physical.
The process of energy conversion in the transducer is known as the transduction. The
transduction is completed into two steps. First by sensing the signal and then
strengthening it for further processing.
 e.g. Strain Gauge, Thermocouple, Bourdon tube etc.
INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM
INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM
EXAMPLE OF INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSDUCERS

The transducer may be classified according to their

 Applications
 External power source required
 Nature of output signal
 Transduction form etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSDUCERS
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF TRANSDUCTION

 The transducer is classified by the transduction medium. The transduction medium

may be resistive, inductive or capacitive depends on the conversion process that how
input transducer converts the input signal into resistance, inductance and capacitance
respectively.

E.g. Inductance Transducers, Resistance Transducers, Capacitive Transducer

BASED ON THE CONNECTIVITY WITH MEASURAND

 Primary Transducer: The primary transducers are detector which sense a physical
phenomenon.
The transducer which directly comes in contact with measurand and acts as a sensor to
sense or detect physical quantity is called primary transducer.
E.g. Thermistor, bourdon tube, Diaphragm

 Secondary Transducer :The transducer which converts the output of first transducer
into an electrical output called secondary transducer.
E.g. LVDT, strain gauge
BASED ON REQUIREMENT OF EXTERNAL POWER

 Active Transducer: Active transducers are those which do not require an auxiliary
power source to produce
their output. They are also known as self generating type since they produce their own
voltage or current output.
E.g. Tachogenerator, photovoltaic cells, Thermocouple, piezoelectric Transducer etc.
 Passive Transducer: Passive transducers require external power supply to convert an
input physical quantity into electrical output.
E.g. Thermistors, strain gauge, potentiometer, capacitive transducer etc.
BASED ON NATURE OF OUTPUT SIGNALS

 Analog transducers : Analog transducers converts input signal into output signal,
which is a continuous function of time
e.g. THERMISTOR ,strain gauge, LVDT , thermocouple etc.

 Digital transducers : Digital transducers converts input signal into the output signal in
the form of pulses e.g. it gives discrete output.
e.g. Rotary encoder
BASED ON THE CONVERSION

 Transducer – The device which converts the non-electrical quantity into an electric
quantity is known as the transducer.
E.g. Thermistor

 Inverse Transducer – The transducer which converts the electric quantity into a
physical quantity, such type of transducers is known as the inverse transducer. The
transducer has high electrical input and low non-electrical output.
E.g. Piezo-electric transducer
 SELECTION CRITERIA OF TRANSDUCER

 Operating range : The range of transducer should be appropriate for measurement to get a
good resolution.
 Accuracy : The accuracy should be as high as possible or as per the measurement.
 Sensitivity : The transducer should be more sensitive to produce the output or sensitivity
should be as per requirement.
 Loading effect : The transducer’s input impedance should be high and output impedance
should be low to avoid loading effect.
 Errors : The error produced by the transducer should be low as possible.
 Environmental compatibility : The transducer should maintain input and output
characteristic for the selected environmental condition.
 Usage and Ruggedness
ASSIGNMENTS

 Identify sensors and Transducers used in college campus.

 Find places where sensor and transducer can be used for better operation.
SUGGESTED LEARNING RESOURCES

 Electrical and electronic measurement and instrumentation by A.K.Sawhney, Dhanpat Rai and Sons.
 Industrial Instrumentation and Control by S.K.Singh, McGraw Hill Publishing
 w.w.w.nptel.ac.in/courses/10815064/#
 www.isa.org