Airpollution

MODULE 03
AIR POLLUTION
• The major types of pollution are listed below:
1) Air pollution
2) Water pollution
3) Land pollution
4) Noise pollution
5) E-pollution
6) Radioactive pollution
7) Thermal pollution
8) Plastic pollution
EVS_Mod3_EnvPoll_AirPoll_AIKTC_RD
AIR POLLUTION
• Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulates or
biological molecules into Earth's atmosphere thereby causing
diseases, death to humans, damage to other living organisms such
as food crops, or the natural or built environment.
PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANTS
Sulphur oxides (SOx) - particularly sulphur dioxide, a chemical
compound with the formula SO2. SO2 is produced by volcanoes and
in various industrial processes. Coal and petroleum.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) - Nitrogen oxides, particularly nitrogen
dioxide, are expelled from high temperature combustion, and are
also produced during thunderstorms by electric discharge. They can
be seen as a brown haze dome above or a plume downwind of
cities.
Carbon monoxide (CO) - CO is a colourless, odourless, toxic yet
non-irritating gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel
such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major
source of carbon monoxide.
Volatile organic compounds - VOCs are a well-known outdoor air
pollutant. They are categorized as either methane (CH4) or non-
methane (NMVOCs). Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse
gas which contributes to enhanced global warming.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - harmful to the ozone layer; emitted
from products are currently banned from use. These are gases
which are released from air conditioners, refrigerators, aerosol
sprays, etc. CFC's on being released into the air rises
to stratosphere. Here they come in contact with other gases and
damage the ozone layer. This allows harmful ultraviolet rays to
reach the earth's surface. This can lead to skin cancer, disease to
eye and can even cause damage to plants.
SECONDARY AIR POLLUTANTS
photochemical smog. Smog is a kind of air pollution. Classic smog
results from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a
mixture of smoke and sulphur dioxide. Modern smog does not
usually come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emissions
SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
There are various locations, activities or factors which are
responsible for releasing pollutants into the atmosphere. These
sources can be classified into two major categories:
1) Man Made Sources
2) Natural Sources
MAN-MADE SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
Stationary sources include smoke stacks of power plants,
manufacturing facilities (factories) and waste incinerators.
Mobile sources include motor vehicles, marine vessels, and aircraft.
MAN-MADE SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
Waste deposition in landfills, which generate methane. Methane is
highly flammable and may form explosive mixtures with air.
Military resources, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ

warfare and rocketry.
NATURAL SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
• Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or
no vegetation
• Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals
• Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires
• Volcanic activity, which produces sulphur, chlorine and ash
particulates
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
• Health Effects
• Agricultural Effects
• Global Warming
• Acid Rain
•Ozone Layer Depletion
• Photochemical Smog
HEALTH & AGRICULTURAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION IN INDIA
• India has the highest death rate due to air pollution in the world.
• India also has more deaths from asthma than any other nation
according to the World Health Organisation.
• Causes of deaths include strokes, heart disease, lung cancer, and

lung infections.
• The capital city of India, Delhi has been facing major smog related
problems in the recent year especially during the winters.
• In India in 2014, it was reported that air pollution had cut crop
yields in the most affected areas by almost half in 2010 when
compared to 1980 levels
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION : GLOBAL WARMING
• Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed
century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate
system and its related effects.
• 2014 was the warmest year on record since 1880
Effects of Global Warming
 Melting of Ice Sheet
 Sea Level Rise
 Extreme Weather
 Changes in Ecological Systems
 Destabilization of Average Global Temperature
Remedies for Global Warming
 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions
 Enhance the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb GHGs
 Energy conservation and energy efficiency
 Use of low-carbon technology
 Preventing deforestation, encouraging reforestation
 Climate engineering
OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
• Effects • Remedies
 Increased UV radiation  Decrease CFC release

 Biological effects  Find alternative to
 Cortical cataracts CFC as a cooling
 Increased tropospheric ozone agent
 Increased production of vitamin D  International policy
 Effects on non-human animals
 Effects on crops
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION : ACID RAIN
• Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is
unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of
hydrogen ions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on plants,
aquatic animals and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions
of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with the water
molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids.
Effect of Acid Rain on Stone
Causes of Acid Rain
Effects of Acid Rain
• Surface water and aquatic animals
• Soils
• Forest and vegetation
• Corrosion of steel
• Adverse effects on stones
• Human health effects
Remedies for Acid Rain
• Use of wet scrubber in power plants
• Use of fluidized bed combustion
• Vehicle emission control
• International treaties
• Emissions trading
Can you give an example of a very
famous structure in India that had
decoloured due to acid rain?
Decolouration of the Taj Mahal due to Acid Rain

Solution applied:
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION : PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG
• Photochemical Smog is the
haze in the atmosphere
accompanied by high levels of
ozone and nitrogen oxides,
caused by the action of sunlight
and pollutants.
• Smog = smoke + fog
• Cities like Los Angeles, New York, Sydney and Vancouver frequently
suffer episodes of photochemical smog.
• Causes/Pollutants Involved :
 Nitrogen Oxides
 Volatile Organic Compounds
 Ozone
 Peroxyacetyl Nitrates (PAN)
• Conditions for Photochemical Smog :
 Source of Nitrogen oxides and VOCs

 Time of the day
 Meteorological factors (precipitation, wind, temperature)
 Topography
• Chemistry of Photochemical Smog :
O3 + NO» NO2 + O2
NO + RO2 » NO2 + other products
NO2 + sunlight » NO + O
O + O2 » O3
NO2 + R» products such as PAN
• Effects of Photochemical Smog :
 Decreased visibility
 Heart and lung problems
 Suppression of plant growth
 Decreased immunity
 Spread of cancer
 Eye irritation
 Respiratory problems
 Bronchial congestion
 Harsh odour
• Remedies :
 Decrease of nitrogen oxide and

VOC emissions
In the AREAS AFFECTED section of the Wikipedia
page for Photochemical Smog, can you guess
which city comes first?
CASE STUDY: LONDON SMOG
• Date: 5th – 9th December, 1952
• Location: London, England
• London Smog or Great Smog

of 1952 or Big Smog was a
severe air pollution event.
• A period of cold weather, • It lasted for 4 days and then

combined with dispersed quickly when the
an anticyclone and windless weather changed.
conditions, collected airborne
pollutants (mostly arising from • It lowered the visibility and
the use of coal) to form a thick penetrated into indoor areas
layer of smog over the city. causing breathing problems.
CASE STUDY: LONDON SMOG
• 4,000 people had died
prematurely
• 100,000 more were made ill

because of the smog's effects on
the human respiratory tract.
• It is known to be the worst air-

pollution event in the history of
the United Kingdom. • It was significant in terms of its
effect on environmental research,
• It led to several changes in government regulation, and public
practices and regulations, awareness of the relationship
including the Clean Air Act 1956. between air quality and health.
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a filtration device that removes

fine particles, like dust and smoke from a flowing gas using the force
of an induced electrostatic charge minimally delaying the flow of
gases through the unit.
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
Row of Thin Vertical Wires
Negative Voltage of
Several Thousand Volts
Stack of Large Vertical

Flat Metal Plates
Air Stream
Flows Horizontally
Schematic Diagram of Electrostatic Precipitator

ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR: WORKING
• Electrostatic precipitators contain a row of thin vertical wires and
followed by a stack of large vertical flat metal plates, with the plates
typically spaced about 1 cm to 18 cm apart, depending on the
application.
• The air stream flows horizontally through the spaces between the
wires, and then passes through the stack of plates.
• A negative voltage of several thousand volts is applied between
wire and plate.
• If the applied voltage is high enough, an electric corona
discharge ionizes the air around the electrodes, which then ionizes
the particles in the air stream.
• The ionized particles, due to the electrostatic force, are diverted
towards the grounded plates.
• Particles build up on the collection plates and are removed from
the air stream.
VENTURI SCRUBBER
VENTURI SCRUBBER
A venturi scrubber is designed to effectively use the energy from the inlet
gas stream to atomize the liquid being used to scrub the gas stream.
This type of technology is a part of the group of air pollution controls

collectively referred to as wet scrubbers.
Venturi devices have also been used for over 100 years to measure fluid
flow (Venturi tubes derived their name from Giovanni Battista Venturi, an
Italian physicist).
About 35 years ago, Johnstone (1949) and other researchers found that
they could effectively use the venturi configuration to remove particles from
gas streams.
VENTURI SCRUBBER: WORKING
VENTURI SCRUBBER: WORKING
• A venturi scrubber consists of three sections: a converging section, a
throat section, and a diverging section.
• The inlet gas stream enters the converging section and, as the area
decreases, gas velocity increases (in accordance with the Bernoulli’s
equation).
• Liquid is introduced either at the throat or at the entrance to the
converging section.
• The inlet gas, forced to move at extremely high velocities in the small
throat section, shears the liquid from its walls, producing an enormous
number of very tiny droplets.
• Particle and gas removal occur in the throat section as the inlet gas
stream mixes with the fog of tiny liquid droplets.
• The inlet stream then exits through the diverging section, where it is
forced to slow down.
• Venturis can be used to collect both particulate and gaseous pollutants,
but they are more effective in removing particles than gaseous pollutants.
VENTURI SCRUBBER: TYPES
1. Wetted Throat Venturi Scrubber
2. Non-Wetted Throat Venturi Scrubber
3. Rectangular Throat Venturi Scrubber
4. Adjustable Throat Venturi Scrubber with Plunger
5. Adjustable Throat Venturi Scrubber with Movable Plates
6. Venturi Rod Scrubber
VENTURI SCRUBBER: WETTED THROAT VENTURI SCRUBBER
VENTURI SCRUBBER: WETTED THROAT VENTURI SCRUBBER
• Liquid is injected at the converging section.
• Thus, the liquid coats the venturi throat making it very effective for
handling hot, dry inlet gas that contains dust.
• Otherwise, the dust would have a tendency to cake on or abrade a

dry throat.
• These venturis are sometimes referred to as having a wetted

approach.
VENTURI SCRUBBER: NON - WETTED THROAT VENTURI SCRUBBER
VENTURI SCRUBBER: NON - WETTED THROAT VENTURI SCRUBBER
• Liquid is injected at the venturi throat.
• Since it is sprayed at or just before the throat, it does not actually

coat the throat surface.
• These throats are susceptible to solids buildup when the throat is

dry.
• They are also susceptible to abrasion by dust particles.
• These venturis are best used when the inlet stream is cool and
moist.
• These venturis are referred to as having a non-wetted approach.
VENTURI SCRUBBER: RECTANGULAR THROAT VENTURI SCRUBBER
VENTURI SCRUBBER: RECTANGULAR THROAT VENTURI SCRUBBER
• Venturis scrubbers with round throats can handle inlet flows as
large as 88,000 m³/h (40,000 cfm) (Brady and Legatski 1977).
• At inlet flow rates greater than this, achieving uniform liquid

distribution is difficult, unless additional weirs or baffles are used.
• To handle large inlet flows, scrubbers designed with long, narrow,

rectangular throats have been used.
VENTURI SCRUBBER: ADJUSTIBLE THROAT VENTURI SCRUBBER
with movable plunger
with movable plunger
Simple venturi scrubbers have fixed throat areas and cannot
be used over a wide range of gas flow rates. Manufacturers have
developed other modifications to the basic venturi scrubber design
to maintain scrubber efficiency by changing the throat area for
varying inlet gas rates.
Certain types of orifices (throat areas) that create more
turbulence than a true venturi were found to be equally efficient for
a given unit of energy consumed (McIlvaine Company 1974). Results
of these findings led to the development of the annular-orifice, or
adjustable-throat venturi scrubber.
The size of the throat area is varied by moving a plunger, or
adjustable disk, up or down in the throat, thereby decreasing or
increasing the annular opening. Gas flows through the annular
opening and atomizes liquid that is sprayed onto the plunger or
swirled in from the top.
with movable plate
In this scrubber, the throat area

is varied by using a movable
plate.
A water-wash spray is used to

continually wash collected
material from the plate.
NUCLEAR POLLUTION
Nuclear pollution is pollution that contains radioactive elements.
Nuclear pollution may be in the air, water or on land.
NUCLEAR POLLUTION: CAUSES
• Nuclear pollution is caused by a range of human activities that
relate to the creation of fuel for nuclear energy and the construction
of nuclear weapons.
• The process of mining and processing uranium ores to create fuel
for nuclear power and weapons also generates by-products that are
radioactive.
• The largest amount of nuclear pollution was generated due to
detonations of nuclear weaponry.
• The weapons were detonated in combat during the end of World
War II and as part of various weapons testing and experimentation
processes.
• The production of nuclear weapons also generates a minimal
amount of radiation due to the radioactive materials used in the
process.
NUCLEAR POLLUTION: CAUSES
• The handling and disposal of nuclear waste generated from nuclear
power plants typically generate low to medium levels of radiation
pollution over time.
• Nuclear waste is generally treated and disposed of in remote areas,
such as abandoned mines or remote caves.
• However, pollution generated by these wastes can spread into the
soil, water and air around the storage location over time as both
natural and artificial shields deteriorate.
• Nuclear accidents, such as those in Chernobyl in 1986 and Three
Mile Island in 1979, can also lead to significant amounts of radiation
pollution being dispersed into the air and the area surrounding a
nuclear plant.
NUCLEAR POLLUTION: EFFECTS
• Direct effect of a nuclear blast is damage to life and property. This
explosion is most serious in places of higher altitude. The blast range
increases with height gain.
• The blast winds are much more powerful than a hurricane.
• A nuclear explosion releases large amounts of radioactive

substance. This can cause damage to the eyes. The retina of the eye
can either become blinded due to the intensity of the infra red rays
or it can melt because of the high temperature release.
• The tremendous heat output will result in burn injuries, both to the
skin and to the skeletal system.
• Gamma rays will cause metal wires to act as antennas and produce
high voltage. This voltage will result in permanent damage of wires.
NUCLEAR POLLUTION: EFFECTS
• Earthquakes can occur as an aftermath to nuclear blasts. The
pressure wave will travel from the underground to the area of
explosion and cause a quake of great intensity.
•It will result in the death of many living organisms. Those that
survive will show symptoms of radioactive poisoning.
• In the survivors, gene mutation will occur as a result of the

radiation. This mutation will bring serious health hazards for the
future generations.
• The explosion will have negative impact on the environment and

the atmosphere.
CASE STUDY: FUKUSHIMA DISASTER
• The Fukushima Daiichi
nuclear disaster was a
nuclear energy accident at
the Fukushima I Nuclear
Power Plant in Fukushima,
initiated primarily by
the tsunami following
the Tōhoku earthquake on 11th
March 2011.
• However, the tsunami
• Immediately after the destroyed the emergency
earthquake, the active generators cooling the reactors,
reactors automatically shut causing reactor 4 to overheat
down their sustained fission from the decay heat from
reactions. the fuel rods.
CASE STUDY: FUKUSHIMA DISASTER
• The insufficient cooling led to three nuclear meltdowns and
the release of radioactive material beginning on 12 March.
• Several hydrogen-air chemical explosions occurred between 12
March and 15 March.
• The Fukushima disaster is the largest nuclear disaster since the
1986 Chernobyl disaster and the second disaster to be given the
Level 7 event classification of the International Nuclear Event Scale.
• Though there have been no fatalities linked to radiation due to the
accident, the eventual number of cancer deaths caused by the
accident is expected to be around 130-640 people in the years and
decades ahead.
• There are no clear plans for decommissioning the plant, but the
plant management estimate is 30 or 40 years.
• A frozen soil barrier is being constructed to prevent ongoing
exposure of running groundwater with melted-down nuclear fuel.
Thank you!

Airpollution

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MODULE 03

1) Man Made Sources

Mobile sources include motor vehicles, marine vessels, and aircraft.

Military resources, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ

•Ozone Layer Depletion

• Causes of deaths include strokes, heart disease, lung cancer, and

• 2014 was the warmest year on record since 1880

 Melting of Ice Sheet

 Sea Level Rise

 Changes in Ecological Systems

 Destabilization of Average Global Temperature

 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions

 Enhance the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb GHGs

 Energy conservation and energy efficiency

 Use of low-carbon technology

 Preventing deforestation, encouraging reforestation

 Increased UV radiation  Decrease CFC release

• Surface water and aquatic animals

• Forest and vegetation

• Adverse effects on stones

• Human health effects

• Use of wet scrubber in power plants

• Use of fluidized bed combustion

• Vehicle emission control

Decolouration of the Taj Mahal due to Acid Rain

• Smog = smoke + fog

• Conditions for Photochemical Smog :

 Source of Nitrogen oxides and VOCs

NO2 + R» products such as PAN

 Decrease of nitrogen oxide and

• Location: London, England

• London Smog or Great Smog

• A period of cold weather, • It lasted for 4 days and then

• 100,000 more were made ill

• It is known to be the worst air-

An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a filtration device that removes

Row of Thin Vertical Wires

Stack of Large Vertical

Schematic Diagram of Electrostatic Precipitator

This type of technology is a part of the group of air pollution controls

2. Non-Wetted Throat Venturi Scrubber

3. Rectangular Throat Venturi Scrubber

4. Adjustable Throat Venturi Scrubber with Plunger

5. Adjustable Throat Venturi Scrubber with Movable Plates

6. Venturi Rod Scrubber

• Otherwise, the dust would have a tendency to cake on or abrade a

• These venturis are sometimes referred to as having a wetted

• Since it is sprayed at or just before the throat, it does not actually

• These throats are susceptible to solids buildup when the throat is

• They are also susceptible to abrasion by dust particles.

• These venturis are referred to as having a non-wetted approach.

• At inlet flow rates greater than this, achieving uniform liquid

• To handle large inlet flows, scrubbers designed with long, narrow,

In this scrubber, the throat area

A water-wash spray is used to

• The blast winds are much more powerful than a hurricane.

• A nuclear explosion releases large amounts of radioactive

• In the survivors, gene mutation will occur as a result of the

• The explosion will have negative impact on the environment and

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