Sunteți pe pagina 1din 31

INTRODUCTION TO

HISTOLOGY
 Greek
Histos – tissue
logia – “study of or knowledge”
 Anatomy
1. Gross – visible to the naked eye
2. Microscopic – aid of microscope

HISTOLOGY
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
 Organology – study of organs
 Histology – tissues
 Cytology – cells
HISTOLOGY

 Study of cells, tissues, and organs,


it embraces a study of function as well
as of structure.
Development of microscopy:
•Aristotle (384-322)
•believed that living organisms could
develop from non-living materials.
•1590: Hans and Zacharias Janssen
•Dutch lens grinders
•mounted two lenses in a tube to produce
the first compound microscope.
•1660: Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
•published "Micrographia”
•containing drawings and detailed
observations of biological materials made
with the best compound microscope and
illumination system of the time.
•1676: Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
• first person to observe microorganisms.
 1831: Brown
 Discovered nucleus

 1838 : Schleiden & Schwann (1839)


 Enunciated “Cell Theory”

 1841 : Henle
 Published 1st comprehensive human histology

 1863 : Virchow
 Human body as “cell state”
 Listed specialized categories of cells
•1883: Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe
• pioneered developments in microscopy
immersion lenses and apochromatic
lenses

•1931: Ernst Ruska


• constructed the first electron
microscope.
 19th century
Microtome – instrument for preparing
tissue sections for study
- development of fixing,
embedding, and staining
techniques
MICROSCOPY
1. DARKFIELD
 USES:
 Examination of T. pallidum
 For unstained living organism
 For fluorescent microscope
 DESCRIPTION:
 Light microscope with dark-field
apparatus
 Specimen: bright or glows brightly
darkfield describes
an illumination techniq
ue used to enhance
the contrast in
unstained samples.
It works by illuminating the
sample with light that
will not be collected by
the objective lens, and
thus will not form part of
the image.
This produces the classic
appearance of a dark,
almost black,
background with bright
objects on it.
2. PHASE CONTRAST
 USES:
 For moving, living and unstained cells
 cellular detail that are not visible with a
simpler bright field microscope

 DESCRIPTION:
 an optical microscopy technique that
converts phase shifts in light passing
through a transparent specimen to
brightness changes in the image.
3. POLARIZING MICROSCOPE
 USES:
 Improves the quality of birefringent materials
(crystals)
 DESCRIPTIONS:
 The interaction of plane-polarized light with a
doubly refracting (birefringent)
 specimen to produce two individual wave
components (ordinary ray and
extraordinary ray) that are polarized in mutually
perpendicular planes.
4. FLUORESCENT MICROSCOPE
 USES:
 Fluorescent dyes stained organisms
 DESCRIPTION:
 Lightor energy: extreme or rich in UV
radiation (Tungsten Halogen Lamp)
 Equipped with exciter filter
 Selectedlight excites the fluorochrome in
specimen
 Has barrier filter
 b/n objective and observer’s eyes
TRANSMISSION SCANNING ELECTRON
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM)
MICROSCOPE (TEM)
Use: For studying the texture,
Use: Lattice imaging, resolution < topography and surface
0.2 nm
feature, resolution ~ 10 nm
 Beam of electron
- Beam of electrons.
 Disadvantage: Silhouette picture
- The electrons interact with
 Source of electrons: magnetic atoms in the sample, producing
lenses various signals that can be
detected and that contain
 Electron micrographs information about the sample's
 Fixed with osmium tetroxide or surface topography and
glutaraldehyde or composition
paraformaldehyde
Type of TM Resolving Description
Microscope power
Bright-field 1500x 100-200nm Extensively used for
visualization of
microorganisms; usually
necessary to stain
specimens for view
Dark-Field 1500x 100-200nm Used for viewing live
microorganisms,
particularly those with
characteristics
morphology; staining not
required; specimen appears
bright on a dark
background
Ultraviolet 2500x 100 nm Improved resolution over normal
light microscope; largely replaced
by electron microscope

Fluorescence 1500x 100- Uses fluorescent staining; useful


200nm in many diagnostic procedures
for identifying microorganisms

Phase Contrast 1500x 100- Used to examine structures of


200nm living microorganisms; does not
require staining
Nomarski 1500x 100-200 Used to examine structures of
Differential nm microorganisms; produces
interference sharp, multicolored image
with three-dimensional
appearance
Confocal 1500x 100-200 Used to examine structures of
scanning nm microorganisms and
individual microorganisms
within mixtures of various
types of microorganisms; uses
fluorescence staining;
produces blur-free image;
used to produce three
dimensional images
TEM .5 – 1 M 1-2 nm Used to view ultra structure of
microorganisms including
viruses; much greater resolving
power and useful
magnification than can be
achieved with light microscopy

SEM 10,000 – 1-10 nm Used for showing detailed


1M surface structures of
microorganisms; produces a
three-dimensional image
END

S-ar putea să vă placă și