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HISTOLOGY
Greek
Histos – tissue
logia – “study of or knowledge”
Anatomy
1. Gross – visible to the naked eye
2. Microscopic – aid of microscope
HISTOLOGY
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
Organology – study of organs
Histology – tissues
Cytology – cells
HISTOLOGY
1841 : Henle
Published 1st comprehensive human histology
1863 : Virchow
Human body as “cell state”
Listed specialized categories of cells
•1883: Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe
• pioneered developments in microscopy
immersion lenses and apochromatic
lenses
DESCRIPTION:
an optical microscopy technique that
converts phase shifts in light passing
through a transparent specimen to
brightness changes in the image.
3. POLARIZING MICROSCOPE
USES:
Improves the quality of birefringent materials
(crystals)
DESCRIPTIONS:
The interaction of plane-polarized light with a
doubly refracting (birefringent)
specimen to produce two individual wave
components (ordinary ray and
extraordinary ray) that are polarized in mutually
perpendicular planes.
4. FLUORESCENT MICROSCOPE
USES:
Fluorescent dyes stained organisms
DESCRIPTION:
Lightor energy: extreme or rich in UV
radiation (Tungsten Halogen Lamp)
Equipped with exciter filter
Selectedlight excites the fluorochrome in
specimen
Has barrier filter
b/n objective and observer’s eyes
TRANSMISSION SCANNING ELECTRON
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM)
MICROSCOPE (TEM)
Use: For studying the texture,
Use: Lattice imaging, resolution < topography and surface
0.2 nm
feature, resolution ~ 10 nm
Beam of electron
- Beam of electrons.
Disadvantage: Silhouette picture
- The electrons interact with
Source of electrons: magnetic atoms in the sample, producing
lenses various signals that can be
detected and that contain
Electron micrographs information about the sample's
Fixed with osmium tetroxide or surface topography and
glutaraldehyde or composition
paraformaldehyde
Type of TM Resolving Description
Microscope power
Bright-field 1500x 100-200nm Extensively used for
visualization of
microorganisms; usually
necessary to stain
specimens for view
Dark-Field 1500x 100-200nm Used for viewing live
microorganisms,
particularly those with
characteristics
morphology; staining not
required; specimen appears
bright on a dark
background
Ultraviolet 2500x 100 nm Improved resolution over normal
light microscope; largely replaced
by electron microscope