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4
Quadratic Functions
8.4 Lecture Guide: Quadratic Functions
3. y 3 x 8 4. y 2x2 9x 4
Identify the graph of each function as a line or a parabola. If
the graph is a line, determine whether the slope is negative or
positive. If the graph is a parabola, determine whether the
parabola is concave up (the graph opens up) or concave down
(the graph opens down).
5. y 3x 7 x 6 6. y 9 x 5
2
Objective 2: Determine the vertex of a parabola.
For a parabola defined by f x ax 2 bx c, the x-intercepts
(if they exist) can be determined by using the quadratic
formula. The vertex will be located at the x-value midway
between the two x-intercepts. See the figure below.
y
b
x
2a
b b 2 4ac
,0
b b 2 4ac 2a 2a
,0
2a 2a
b b
, f
2a 2a
7. The x-intercepts of a parabola are 5,0 and 8,0 .
Determine the x-coordinate of the vertex.
Algebraically Numerically
The y-values form a symmetric pattern
b b
, f about the vertex. If the table contains
2a 2a the vertex, the y-coordinate of the
vertex will be either the largest or the
Example: smallest y-value in the table.
f x x2 7 x 8 x y
Example:
a = −1 and b = 7 2 10
x
b 7 7
3.5 1 0
2a 2 1 2 2 18
3.5 20.25
f 3.5 20.25 5 18
8 0
9 10
Graphically
The vertex is either the highest or the lowest point on the
parabola.
Example:
x 3.5
3.5,20.25
1,0 8,0
Finding the Vertex of the Parabola defined
by f x ax bx c
2
b
Step 1. Determine the x-coordinate using x .
2a
b
Step 2. Then evaluate f to determine the y-coordinate.
2a
9. Determine the vertex of the parabola defined by
f x 3x 2 12 x 1
10. Determine the vertex of the parabola defined by
f x 2 x 2 6 x 5
Use the given equation to calculate the x and y-intercepts
and the vertex of each parabola.
11. y 2 x 2 5x 3
(c) Vertex
Use the given equation to calculate the x and y-intercepts
and the vertex of each parabola.
12. y 2 x 7 x 1
(c) Vertex
Objective 3: Sketch the graph of a quadratic function
and determine key features of the resulting parabola.
Complete the table, plot the points on the graph, and connect
these points with a smooth parabolic curve. Then complete the
missing information.
13. f x x 2 x 8
2
Table Graph
Open upward or x y
downward? 2
Vertex:
1
0
x-intercepts:
1
y-intercept: 2
3
Domain:
4
Range:
Complete the table, plot the points on the graph, and connect
these points with a smooth parabolic curve. Then complete the
missing information.
14. f x x 2 x 3
2
Table Graph
Open upward or x y
downward? 4
Vertex:
3
2
x-intercepts:
1
y-intercept: 0
1
Domain:
2
Range:
Sketching the Graph of a Quadratic Function
1. Determine whether the parabola opens upward or
downward.
-3000
-4000
(c) Maximum profit that can be made and the number of units to
sell to create this profit.
18. A rancher has 240 yards of fencing available to enclose 3
sides of a rectangular corral. A river forms one side of the
corral.
(a) If x yards are used for the two parallel sides, how much
fencing remains for the side parallel to the river? Give this
length in terms of x.
L = __________________
RIVER
x x
L
18. A rancher has 240 yards of fencing available to enclose 3
sides of a rectangular corral. A river forms one side of the
corral.
(b) Express the total area of the fenced corral as a function
of x. Hint: Area = (Length)(Width)
A x __________________
RIVER
x x
L
18. A rancher has 240 yards of fencing available to enclose 3
sides of a rectangular corral. A river forms one side of the
corral.
(c) What is the maximum area that can be enclosed with this
fencing?
RIVER
x x
L
19. The equation y 16 x 2 80 x 3 gives the height y of a
baseball in feet x seconds after it was hit.
(c) Do your results agree with what you can observe from
the graph?
120 y
100
80
Height (ft)
60
40
20
x
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (sec)
Use your graphing calculator to determine the
minimum/maximum value of f x and the x-value at which this
minimum/maximum occurs. Use a window of 10,10,1 by
50,50,5 for each graph. See Calculator Perspective 8.4.1.
20. y x 4 x 21
2
x-value where
x
-10 10
max/min occurs:
-50
Use your graphing calculator to determine the
minimum/maximum value of f x and the x-value at which this
minimum/maximum occurs. Use a window of 10,10,1 by
50,50,5 for each graph. See Calculator Perspective 8.4.1.
21. y x 5x 36
2
x-value where
x
-10 10
max/min occurs:
-50
22. Use the function f x x 4 x 15 to solve each
2
(a) f x 6
(b) f x 6
(c) f x 6
23. Use the given graph to determine the missing input
and output values.
y f x
(a) f 2 ______