Navyug Vidhyabhavan Trust

C. K. PITHAWALLA COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SURAT
 Design Of Machine Elements – (2151907)

“ALA”
Concentric Springs, Surge Phenomenon in Spring, Helical Torsion, Spiral Spring

Prepared by :

1. Rahul Punjabi 170093119026

2. Vaibhav Tailor 170093119029
3. Pankaj Yadav 170093119032 Mechanical - A4
4. Dharmin Mirajkar 170094119003
5. Madhav Parekh 150090119053
6. Manan Kayampanthi 150090119094
Introduction (Springs):

■ Definition: Springs are elastic bodies (generally metal)

that can be twisted pulled or stretched by some force.
They can be return to their original shape when the force
is released.
■ Concept: There is not much physics behind it when the
spring is stretched or squashed it creates a force in the
opposite direction because the spring tries to get back to
its original position.
Concentric Springs
■ When one spring is placed inside the other spring,
the arrangement is called Concentric spring or
Composite spring.
■ The concentric springs are basically springs in
parallel. The coils of two springs are wound in
opposite direction to eliminate any possibility of
interference or binding.
■ Purpose of using Concentric spring:
– To obtain the greater force.
– To change the stiffness of the spring system at a
certain deflection.
– To assure the working of a mechanism in the event
of failure of one of the springs.
Concentric Springs
■ Types of Concentric Springs :
– Concentric Springs of equal lengths
– Concentric Springs of unequal lengths
Concentric Springs of equal lengths
■ Concentric Springs of equal lengths :
– The Concentric Springs of the equal free lengths are
used in automobile clutches & valve spring of heavy
duty engines

■ Concentric Springs of unequal lengths :

– The Concentric Springs of the different free lengths, the
shorter spring begins to act only after the longer spring
is compressed by a certain amount. These springs re
used in governors of variable speed engines to take the
care of the variable centrifugal force.
Concentric Springs of unequal lengths
Surge Phenomenon in Spring

When one end of a helical spring is resting on a rigid support and the
other end is loaded suddenly, then all the coils of the spring will not
suddenly deflect equally, because some time is required for the
propagation of stress along the spring wire. A little consideration will
show that in the beginning, the end coils of the spring in contact with
the applied load takes up whole of the deflection and then it
transmits a large part of its deflection to the adjacent coils.

In this way, a wave of compression propagates through the coils to the supported end from where
it is reflected back to the deflected end. This wave of compression travels along the spring
indefinitely. If the applied load is of fluctuating type as in the case of valve spring in internal
combustion engines and if the time interval between the load applications is equal to the time
required for the wave to travel from one end to the other end, then resonance will occur. This
results in very large deflections of the coils and correspondingly very high stresses. Under these
conditions, it is just possible that the spring may fail. This phenomenon is called surge.
Surge Phenomenon in Spring
■ What is surging :
– When a coil spring absorbs shock, the coil wire undergoes torsion, which is transmitted
as a shock wave. This shockwave is called a surge wave.
– The amount of time (T) in which this surge wave moves along the spring wire and
travels back is called surge time. The surge time and speed can be calculated using the
following formula:

– When a coil spring is subject to forced oscillation, the resonance phenomenon surging
occurs if the cycle corresponds to the surge time T or becomes the half or one third of
the surge time T.
Surge Phenomenon in Spring
■ The surge in springs may be eliminated by using the following methods :
– The spring is designed in such a way that the natural frequency of the spring is 15 to 20
times the frequency of excitation of the external force. This prevents the resonance
condition to occur.
– The spring is provided with friction dampers on central coils. This prevents propagation
of surge wave.
– A spring made of stranded wire reduces the surge. In this case, the wire of the spring is
made of three strands. The direction of winding of strands is opposite to the direction of
winding of the coils while forming the spring. In case of compression of the coils, the
spring tends to wind the individual wires closer together, which introduces friction. This
frictional damping reduces the possibility of surge.
Helical Torsion Springs
■ A torsion spring is a spring that works by torsion or twisting.
■ It Can be loaded in torsion instead of compression or tension
■ Ends are extended tangentially to provide lever arms on which
to apply moment load
■ Ends come in variety of shapes to suit application
■ Coils are close wound like extension springs (but do not have
any initial tension), but in few cases are wound with spacing
like compression spring (this will avoid friction between coils)
■ Dynamic loading should be repeated or fluctuating with stress
ratio R ≥ 0
■ Applied moment should never be reversed in service
Helical Torsion Springs
■ Normal stresses are produced in torsion springs
■ Load should be defined at angle α between
tangent ends in loaded position rather than at
deflection from free position
■ Rectangular wire is more efficient (because load is
in bending) in terms of stiffness per unit volume
(larger I for same dimension)
■ However, most helical torsion springs are made
from round wire because of its lower cost and
larger variety of available sizes and materials
■ Torsion springs are used in door hinges, rat traps,
automobile starters, finger exercisers, garage
doors and etc.
Spiral Spring
■ A spring consisting of a wire coiled usually in a flat spiral or
in a helix.
■ Spiral springs are used as balancing springs for smaller
angles of rotation. The energy stored is used as a
counterbalance or self-aligning torque. The increase in the
spring curve is almost linear.
■ Spiral torsion springs are used in brush motors and in
certain applications where a short rotation is required.
Industries that use spiral torsion springs include:
– Electric Motors
– Industrial Tools
– Automotive / Transportation
– Medical Devices / Healthcare