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Optics
Losses in Fiber Optics
Attenuation, dispersion-intermodel,
Intramodel, bend loss-micro macro
scattering losses-Linear, Non linear,
Absorption
Link Budget, Power Budget
Block diagram and working of OTDR
Attenuation
Attenuation means loss of light energy as the light
pulse travels from one end of the cable to the other.
It is also called as signal loss or fiber loss.
It also decides the the number of repeaters required
between transmitter and receiver.
Attenuation is directly proportional to the length of the
cable.
Attenuation
Attenuation is defined as the ratio of optical output
power to the input power in the fiber of length L.
α= 10log10 Pi/Po [in db/km]
where, Pi= Input Power
Po= Output Power, α is attenuation constant
The various losses in the cable are due to
Absorption
Scattering
Dispersion
Bending
Bending losses
The loss which exists when an optical fiber undergoes
bending is called bending losses.
There are two types of bending
i) Macroscopic bending
Bending in which complete fiber undergoes bends
which causes certain modes not to be reflected and
therefore causes loss to the cladding.
ii) Microscopic Bending
Either the core or cladding undergoes slight bends at
its surface. It causes light to be reflected at angles when
there is no further reflection.
Macroscopic Bending
Microscopic
Bending
Non-linear Scattering
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering(SBS)
Stimulated Raman Scattering(SRS)
i) Linear Scattering
a) SBS Scattering:
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering(SBS) may be regarded
as the modulation of light through thermal molecular
vibrations within the fiber.
Pb =4.4x10-3d2λ2α dB v watts
where, λ= operating wavelength μm
d= fiber core diameter μm
v = source bandwidth in GHz
b) SRS Scattering:
Stimulated Raman Scattering is similar to SBS except
that high frequency optical phonon rather than
acoustic phonon is generated in scattering processes.
Pb =5.9x10-2d2λα dB watts
Phonon:
Collective excitation in a periodic arrangement of atoms
or molecules in solid.
Optical Time Domain
Reflectometer
What is OTDR?
It is a trouble shooting device to find faults, splices
and bends in fiber optic cable.
It is used to measure time and intensity of light
reflected on an optical fiber.
It can detect light loss and pinpoint trouble areas
making repair easy.
OTDR test can be anywhere along the length of
fiber from ten seconds to three minutes
Principle of Operation
OTDR emits a high-power pulse that hits the fiber
and bounces back.
What comes back is measured, factoring in time
and distance, and results in “trouble spots” which
can be targeted for repair.
The more quickly trouble areas are identified and
addressed the less fiber optic network will suffer
from data transfer problems.
Block Diagram
Coupler Fiber
Pulsed
Laser
Photo
Detector
APD