OFC

(Optical Fiber Cable)

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 Agenda

• Why Optical Fiber?

• Applications of Optical Fiber
• Transmission Sequence
• Geometry of Fiber
• Principle of Propagation of Light
• Types of Optical Fiber
• Transmission Challenges

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• History of Telecommunication
• Radio Signal ------Copper -----Radio Signal

• Frequency of Operation

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• Channel Performance
• S/N Ratio
• Bit Error rate

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• Light as a Carrier
- Low loss Medium
- Sources and detectors.

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• Carrier
- Amplitude
- Frequency variation
- Spectral Width

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• Copper communication
• Coaxial communication
• Microwave
• Satellite
• Optical

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 Why Fiber ?
• Need for Fiber Optics technology is constantly increasing
– Driven by increasing data rates
– Declining implementation cost
• Many advantages
– SPEED: Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds
- up to the Terabits per seconds
– BANDWIDTH: large carrying capacity
– RESISTANCE: Greater resistance to electromagnetic
noise such as radios, motors or other nearby cables.
– MAINTENANCE: Fiber optic cables costs much less
to maintain
– Low signal attenuation
– Highly Secured
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 APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL FIBER

1. LONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATION BACKBONES

2. INTER-EXCHANGE JUNCTIONS
3. VIDEO TRANSMISSION
4. BROADBAND SERVICES
5. COMPUTER DATA COMMUNICATION (LAN, WAN etc..)
6. HIGH EMI AREAS
7. NON-COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS (sensors
etc…)

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 Transmission Sequence

Transmitter
Input Coder or Light Source-to-Fiber
Signal Converter Source Interface

Fiber-optic Cable

Fiber-to-light Light Amplifier/Shaper Output

Interface Detector Decoder
Receiver

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 Transmission sequence

• Information is encoded into electrical signals.

• Electrical signals are converted into light signals.
• Light travels down the fibre.
• A detector changes the light signals into electrical
signals.
• Electrical signals are decoded into information

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 Geometry of Fiber

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 Geometry of Fiber Cable

Consist of two concentric layers of high-purity silica

glass the core and the cladding
The light stays confined to the core because the
cladding has a lower refractive index—a measure of
its ability to bend light.
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Principle of Propagation of light

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 Principle of Propagation of light

• Light propagates due to

total internal reflection
• Light > critical angle
will be confined to the
core
• Light < critical angle
will be lost in the
cladding
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 Types of Fiber
According to Material Used
1. Plastic Fiber
2. Plastic Clad Silica Fiber
3. Glass Fiber
According to RI Profile
1. Step Index
2. Graded Index
According to Modes
1. Single Mode
2. Multi-Mode
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 Types of Fiber

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 Types of Fiber

Optical Multi-mode vs. Single-mode Fiber

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 Transmission Challenges

• Attenuation
– Loss of light power as the signal travels
through optical cable
• Dispersion
– Spreading of signal pulses as they travel
through optical cable
• Non Linear Effects

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Attenuation Vs. Wavelength

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Wavelength Windows

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 Dispersion

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 Limitations From Dispersion
• Dispersion causes pulse distortion, pulse "smearing"
effects
• Higher bit-rates and shorter pulses are less robust to
Chromatic Dispersion
• Limits "how fast“ and “how far”
10 Gbps
t
60 Km SMF-28

40 Gbps
4 Km SMF-28 t

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 Types of OFC

• Loose Buffer
– The loose buffer uses a hard plastic tube having an
inside diameter several times that of the fibre.
– One or more fibres lie within the buffer tube.
– The fibre in the tube is slightly longer than the tube
itself.
– Thus the cable can expand and contract without
stressing the fibres.

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 Types of OFC

• Tight Buffer
– The tight buffer has a plastic directly applied over the
coating.
– It is more flexible and allows tighter turn radius.
– It is useful for indoor applications where temperature
variations are minimum and
– It is having ability to make tight turns inside walls is
desired.

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Type of Outdoor OFC

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 TEST AND MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS

OTDR

SPLICING MACHINE
OPTICAL TALK SETS

POWER METER,
LASER SOURCE,
MECHANICAL SPLICE ATTENUATOR
TOOL KIT

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Fiber Alignment Impairments

Axial displacement Gap displacement

Angular displacement Imperfect surface finish

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Optical Fibre Cables

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Thank you!

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