CRITERIA FOR CONTRAST:

THE PHONEME SYSTEM

Created by: GROUP 4 CLASS: PBI 1
Ahmad Setiawan
Ainun Saskiyah
Andry Rama Kusuma
Dessy Fitriyani
 MINIMAL PAIRS
The examples:
cat – bat
wide – wise
ride – road
kite – night
take - steak

A test to determine whether sounds are

contrastive or not.
 PHONETIC SIMILARITY

additional criterion for allophony states that all the allophones

of a phoneme must be phonetically similar.

[h] and [ŋ], this produces an unambiguous result: both are

Example:
consonants, but there the similarity ends
 DEFECTIVE
DISTRIBUTION

Phonemes are not only restricted in the

combinations of consonants they can form, but are
simply absent from some positions in the word.

For example:
[h] occurs syllable-initially
[ŋ] occurs only syllable-finally

English [h] and [ŋ] are in complementary

distribution
 FREE VARIATION

There is more than one possible pronunciation

in the same word or context
 depending on
circumstances and Tomahto (SBE speakers)
situations Tomayto (NA speakers)

Doesn’t require
Require complementary
complementary
distribution
distribution
 NEUTRALISATION

Examples: A case where phoneme

still *sdill opposition is lost in a
skill *sgill particular environment
spill *sbill
 THE
ARCHIPHONEME

The unit found in a position of neutralization is symbolised by a capital

letter, and is composed of all the properties which the neutralised
phonemes have in common, but not the properties which typically
distinguish them
 TWO PROBLEMS
OF
ARCHIPHONEME

Representation like /mEri/ is three ways The archiphoneme cannot really be

ambiguous for a General American invoked:
speaker: cats, caps, chiefs, where the final
Mary, merry or marry sound of the stem is voiceless
 PHONOLOGY AND
MORPHOLOGY

The part of linguistics which studies how words are made up

of meaningful units, like stems and suffixes, although the
overlap between the two areas, commonly known as
morphophonemics
 RULES AND CONSTRAINTS

Phonologists working in Optimality Theory express all

phonological generalisations using constraints

ASPIRATION: Voiceless stops are aspirated syllable-initially

Examples:
*s [b d ɡ] There are no sequences of [s] plus a voiced stop
 THE PHONEME SYSTEM

The introduction of features reveals phonemes, not as the

ultimate, smallest unit of the phonology, but as cover-
symbols for a range of properties.
THANKS