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Geography and Life in Arabia Islamic Traditions and the
Origins of Islam World Today
Islamic Beliefs and Practices
The Five Pillars of Islam Time Line: Three Religions
Sources of Islamic Beliefs
Chapter 3 Visual Summary
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7.2.1
Life in Arabia was influenced by the harsh desert climate of
the region.
Arabia is mostly a desert land.
Two ways of life²nomadic and sedentary²developed in
the desert.
Muhammad, a merchant from Mecca, introduced a major
world religion called Islam.
Muhammad became a prophet and introduced a religion
called Islam in Arabia.
Muhammad¶s teachings had similarities to Judaism and
Christianity, but they also presented new ideas.
Islam spread in Arabia after being rejected at first.
Sacred texts called the Qur¶an and the Sunnah guide Muslims
in their religion, daily life, and laws.
The Qur¶an guides Muslims¶ lives.
The Sunnah tells Muslims of important duties expected of
them.
Islamic law is based on the Qur¶an and the Sunnah.
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The world has a definite end, and on that final day, God will
judge all people.
The Qur¶an sets out guidelines for moral behavior, acts of
worship, and rules for social life
± Muslims were encouraged to free slaves.
± Women could own property, earn money, and receive an
education.
The Qur¶an discusses ' , which means to make an effort, or
to struggle. Jihad refers to the inner struggle people go through
in their effort to obey God and behave according to Islamic
ways.
± Jihad can also mean the struggle to defend the Muslim
community, or historically, to convert people to Islam. The
word has also been translated as ³holy war.´
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The City of Córdoba
Islamic Achievements
Islamic Achievements
(continued)
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7.2.4
7.2.5
Conquest and trade led to the spread of Islam, the blending
of cultures, and the growth of cities.
Muslim armies conquered many lands into which Islam
slowly spread.
Trade helped Islam spread into new areas.
A mix of cultures was one result of Islam¶s spread.
Islamic influence encouraged the growth of cities.
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Baghdad Cordoba
Capital of Islamic Empire Capital of what is now
Located near land and Spain
water trade routes Strong economy based on
Walled city agriculture and trade
After the early spread of Islam, three large Islamic empires
formed²the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal.
The Ottoman Empire covered a large area in eastern
Europe.
The Safavid Empire blended Persian cultural traditions with
Shia Islam.
The Mughal Empire in India left an impressive cultural
heritage.
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Muslim scholars and artists made contributions to science,
art, and literature.
Muslim scholars made advances in various fields of science
and philosophy.
Islam influenced styles of literature and the arts.
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± Geographers made more accurate maps than before,
mostly due to the contributions of al-Idrisi.
± The Muslim mathematician al-Khwarizmi laid the
foundations for modern algebra.
± They made improvements to the astrolabe, which the
Greeks had invented to chart the positions of the stars.
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± The Muslims¶ greatest scientific achievements may have
come in medicine.
± A doctor named Ar-Razi discovered how to diagnose
and treat the deadly disease smallpox.
x
± The Muslim philosophy focused on spiritual issues,
which led to a movement called Sufism.
± Sufism teaches that people can find God¶s love by
having a personal relationship with God.
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± Two forms of literature were popular in the Muslim
world²poetry and short stories.
± The greatest architectural achievements were mosques.
They often had a dome and ²narrow towers
from which Muslims are called to prayer.
± x
, or sponsors, used their wealth to pay for
elaborately decorated mosques.
± Because they could not represent people or animals in
paintings due to their religion, Muslim artists turned
, or decorative writing, into an art form.
± They used this technique to decorate buildings and
mosques.
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