ME 314

THERMODYNAMICS 1
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
PURE SUBSTANCE:
Pure Substance is a substance which is homogeneous and invariable in
chemical composition.

* Air is NOT a pure substance.

III. Pure Substance and its Properties

* Pure substance may exists in more than one phase.

III. Pure Substance and its Properties

Phase refers to the homogeneity of a

substance throughout in its chemical
composition and physical structure.
III. Pure Substance and its Properties

Arrangements of atoms in different phases

(a) Solid (b) liquid (c) gas
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
Change of Phase at Constant Pressure (natural liquids):
• Fusion/Melting – solid to liquid 334 kJ/kg
(for water)
• Freezing/Solidifying – liquid to solid
• Vaporization/Evaporation – liquid to gas 2260 kJ/kg
(for water)
• Condensation – gas to liquid
• Sublimation – solid to gas 51.059 kJ/mole @ 0 °C
(for water)
• Deposition – gas to solid
III. Pure Substance and its Properties

Substance at constant pressure changes its phase

if it absorbs/rejects LATENT HEAT.
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
REMEMBER THE 2 FORMS OF HEAT

Sensible Heat
– the amount of heat to needed change the temperature of a
working substance without changing its phase.

Latent Heat
– the amount of heat transferred to/from a unit quantity of a
substance during the transformation at constant pressure.
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
Latent Heat of Fusion/Enthalpy of Fusion. hf
– the amount of heat to change the solid to liquid and vice versa.
• ( for water Lf = 334 kJ/kg = hf )

Latent Heat of Vaporization/Heat of Vaporization/Enthalpy of

Vaporization, hfg
– the amount of heat to change the liquid to gas and vice versa.
• ( for water Lv = 2260 kJ/kg = hfg )
III. Pure Substance and its Properties

Saturation State – a state of equilibrium where the

phase of the working substance becomes uniform
throughout its volume.

Ex. the boiling point and freezing point of water.

III. Pure Substance and its Properties

The thermodynamic properties of a substance

at its saturation state are called saturation
properties.

*A pair of properties can describe the state of

the substance. i.e. temperature,pressure (p,t)
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
Saturation Temperature, Tsat
– a temperature at a given pressure at which
liquid starts to boil or vapor starts to condense.

Saturation Pressure, Psat

– a pressure at a given temperature at which
liquid starts to boil or vapor starts to condense.
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
•
CONSIDER WATER…

*During its phase transitions, water passes 2 saturation points at the same
pressure value (1 atm)
– melting/freezing point (0C,1 atm) and
– vaporization/condensation point (100C,1 atm)
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
Saturated Liquid
– a purely liquid substance; no vapor content.
– a liquid at the saturations (saturation temperature and
saturation pressure) which has temperature equal to the
boiling point (or freezing point) corresponding to existing
pressure.
III. Pure Substance and its Properties

Subcooled Liquid
– a liquid which has a temperature lower than the saturation
temperature of a particular pressure.

Compressed Liquid
– a liquid which has a pressure higher than the saturated
pressure of a particular temperature.
III. Pure Substance and its Properties

Saturated Vapor
– a purely vapor substance; no liquid content.

*Vapor

Superheated Vapor
• – a vapor having a temperature higher than the saturation
temperature of the existing pressure.
III. Pure Substance
and its Properties
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
PROPERTY DIAGRAMS FOR PHASE-CHANGE PROCESSES:

The variations of properties during phase-change

processes are best studied and understood with
the help of property diagrams.
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
P-T Diagram
(a.k.a. Phase Diagram)

Critical Point
– the highest temperature and
pressure at which liquid and
vapor co-exist in equilibrium.
• for water :
647.096 K(373.946°C),22.06 MPa(217.7 atm)

Triple Point
– the temperature and pressure at which
solid, liquid, and vapor phase of a substance
co-exist in equilibrium.
• for water:
273.16 K(0.01°C) and 0.6117 kPa(0.006037 atm)
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
P-v Diagram

• Saturation Curve/Line – collection

of saturation points excluding the
Critical Point
(i.e. Saturation Liquid Line and
Saturated Vapor Line)

• Isobar
– a constant pressure curve
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
P-v Diagram

• Isotherm
– a constant temperature curve
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
P-v Diagram
(phase region)

P-v diagram of a substance

that contracts on freezing.
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
P-v Diagram

P-v diagram of a substance

that expands on freezing.
(such as water)
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
T-v Diagram
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
T-s Diagram

• Entropy
– a measure of the
microscopic disorder
of the substance
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
T-s Diagram
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
h-s Diagram
(Mollier Diagram)
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
Thermodynamic Surface
(P-v-T Surface)
*pressure-volume-temperature surface for a
Substance that contracts on freezing
III. Pure Substance and its Properties
Thermodynamic Surface
(P-v-T Surface)
*pressure-volume-temperature surface for a
Substance that contracts on freezing