INDEPENDENCE

FROM THE
JAPANESE
Group 6 BSMT-1E
Gen. MacArthur
Mickey Mouse Money
Guerrilla Warfare
HUKBALAHAP
 RECAP: JAPANESE
OCCUPATION
• Japan and Germany was rising in power in the 1930s.

• Japan wanted to become a part of the world power and gain colonies.

• In 1939, Japan declared the Asiatic Monroe Doctrine (“Asia for

Asians”).

• The Japanese thought they could colonize Southeast Asia in a

week, but Philippines became a hindrance to their plan.
 RECAP: JAPANESE
OCCUPATION
• December 7 1941- The Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor.
• December 8 1941- The Japanese attacked Manila and the different parts of
Philippines.
• December 26,1941- Manila was declared as an “Open City”by Gen. Douglas
MacArthur.
• Filipino and American troops retreated to Bataan and Correigdor.
• January 2, 1942- Manila was under the Japanese control.
• February 18, 1942- Quezon and his family boarded the submarine Swordfish
and left the
Country.
• April 9, 1942- Bataan fell to the Japanese. Death March happened
afterwards.
• May 6, 1942- Correigdor fell to the Japanese, along with the downfall of the
US Forces in the Pacific.
 Impact of the Japanese to the Philippines
Government:

• The Japanese established a government composed of

different agencies.
• Hideki Tojo (Premier of Japan) announced the
establishment of the Republic of the Philippines.
• Jose P. Laurel was appointed as the president of the 2nd
Republic (considered as a puppet government).
 Impact of the Japanese to the Philippines
Economy

• Trade and commerce was hindered due to the fear of the Japanese.
• Some of the goods/products of Filipinos were confiscated.
• Agriculture was affected because of the war.
• Supply of the products decreased so the prices of commodities went up.
• Inflation and devaluation became a major problem of our economy.
• Mickey Mouse money was introduced to the Filipinos.
• Buy and Sell emerged as a popular job where Filipinos buy cheap products
and sell it for a higher price.
• Due to scarcity of food, a lot of families planted
their own vegetables in their backyard. (kangkong,
gabi, kamote, banana, corn, etc.)
• The Japanese created the BIBA or Bigasang
Bayan to accomodate the need of rice. However, it
still failed.
 Impact of the Japanese to the Philippines
Education:

• The Japanese wanted to eradicate any western culture

the Filipinos acquired.
• Prohibited the use of English, and forced the use of
Tagalog and Nihongo.
• They tried to teach to schools that Japan had good
intentions of why they came.
 Impact of the Japanese to the Philippines
Society:

• The Filipinos lived in fear throughout the Second World

War.
• Most fled to the mountains and provinces.
• Others dug holes, stored foods, and tried their best not to
be seen by Japanese soldiers.
• A lot of Filipinos experienced tortures such as water cure,
insertion of nails in fingers, electrocution,an mental torture.
Society:

• Comfort women and gays were also common.

• The Radio Tasio of the Japanese.
• Stage plays and secret newsletters were done by Filipinos
to encourage them to survive and wait for Gen.
MacArthur
• HUKBALAHAP and Guerilla groups helped in the
resistance against the Japanese.
 RESISTANCE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
• The harsh living conditions, as well as the unjust tortures and
executions of the Japanese, only made the people hate them more.
• Diseases such as malaria, tubercolosis, and malnutrition was common.
• The abuse of the Japanese sparked and fanned the flames of the
nationalism of Filipinos.
• American soldiers that was left behind also helped in the resistance.
• Even civilians who are able to fight joined the resistance.
 RESISTANCE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
• The United States Army Forces in the Philippines (USAFIP), along with
remaining soldiers in Northern Luzon, banded together under the authority of 2
Filipino captains– Guillermo Nakar and Manuel Enriquez. (Considered as the
first Guerrilla Regiment)
• Captain George Barnett joined Nakar in leading the troops in Luzon.
• Other guerrilla unit leaders established in Northern Luzon:
• Walter Cushing in the Mountain Province.
• Roque Ablan in Ilocos.
• Bado Dangwa in Baguio.
• Marcos V. Agustin in Antipolo.
• Hunters ROTC (Reserve Officers Training Corps) headed by Eleuterio
Adevoso and Miguel Ver in San Juan, Manila.
 RESISTANCE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
• Guerilla units established in Central Luzon:
• “C” Company 31st Infantry of the
USSAFE led by Captain Alejo
Santos.
• Bulacan Military Area led by Captain
Bernard Anderson.
 RESISTANCE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
• Guerrilla units established in Southern Luzon and southern
parts of the Philippines:
• PQOG (President Quezon’s Own Guerrillas) in Cavite,
Laguna, Batangas and Quezon Province.
• Wenceslao Vinzons in Bicol.
• Col. Kangleon in Samar and Leyte.
• Tomas Cabili, Salipada Peridatun, and Wendell Fertig
led the guerrilla units in Mindanao.
 RESISTANCE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
• THE HUKBALAHAP
• Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon.
• A guerrilla unit mostly composed of peasants, workers,
and farmers.
• Founded on March 29, 1942 in the forest boundaries of
Tarlac, Nueva Ecija,and Pampanga.
• Luis Taruc was chosen as the chairman of the
organization.
 RESISTANCE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
• THE HUKBALAHAP
• Other Huk leaders:
• Castro Alejandrino- second in command
• Bernardo Poblete
• Eusebio Aquino
• Felipa Culala
• Lope de la Rosa
• Mariano Franco
 RESISTANCE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
• THE HUKBALAHAP
• The guiding principles of the Huks are in a document
called The Fundamental Spirit.
• Their duties are found in another document called The
Iron Discipline.
• Katubusan ng Bayan (Redemption of the People) was the
principal Huk publication issued weekly.
• The Huks liberated much of Tarlac and Pampanga in
1945, and a number of towns in Central Luzon.
 RESISTANCE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
• Some Filipinos sided with the Japanese, to gain food,
protection, and money for their families.
• The Ganaps, Pulahanes, Palaaks, United Nippon, the
Pampars, and the MAKAPILIs were the groups that
acted as support and spies in locating and arresting the
resistance groups.
 LIBERATION OF PHILIPPINES
• After the war in Europe, the American forces started their attack in the Pacific.
• In 1944, the American forces, under the leadership of Douglas MacArthur, started
their offensive attacks against the Japanese.
• September 21, 1944- President Laurel proclaimed martial law with regards to
the near arrival of Gen. MacArthur.
• October 20, 1944- American forces landed in Leyte and attacked the
Japanese from North to South. The Japanese counterattacked using
Operation Sho. The battle of Leyte Gulf, considered as one of the greatest
naval battle in history, was fought from October 24 to 26.
• Kamikaze (Divine Wind) was done by Japanese soldiers where they crashed
their own planes along with the pilot.
• October 25, 1944- American forces defeated the Japanese soldiers under
Admiral Nishimura because they were trapped in the narrow Surigao Strait.
 LIBERATION OF PHILIPPINES
• After the war in Europe, the American forces started their attack in the Pacific.
• In 1944, the American forces, under the leadership of Douglas MacArthur, started their
offensive attacks against the Japanese.
• February 2, 1945- guerilla units was instructed to join the American forces, and they were
seen riding a new type of vehicle called “jeeps”.
• January 9, 1945- Americans landed in Lingayen Gulf and liberated it after capturing the
Japanese soldiers.
• February 12, 1945- the Japanese massacred Manila. They killed a lot of civilians,and even
babies.Houses and churches were burned where most Filipinos are hiding.
• Japanese soldiers who were hiding committed suicide as ordered by authorities.
• The Japanese made their last stand in Northern Luzon.
• By March 3, Manila was liberated by the Americans. By July 4, they had completed
liberating Luzon.
 LIBERATION OF PHILIPPINES
• Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Harry Truman declared the
Potsdam, where the Japanese Emperor is asked to surrender.
• Japan failed to reply, and in August 6, 1945, Paul Tibbets Jr. bombed
Hiroshima with the atomic bomb called “little boy”carried by the Enola Gay
aircraft.
• The Japanese still did not surrender. August 9, 1945, the Americans bombed
Nagasaki. It killed approximately 100,000 lives on the day of explosion and
increased after a day.
• August 15, 1945- Japanese forces in the Philippines officially announced their
surrender.
• August 15, 1945- Japan finally surrendered to US.
• September 2, 1945- Emperor Hirohito signed a peace treaty with the US.
 LIBERATION OF PHILIPPINES
• President Osmeña, who succeeded the late President Quezon, prioritized
rehabilitating the lands severely damaged by the war.
• March 7 1945- Osmeña signed an executive order providing the restorations of
the executive departments of the government.
• The following day, he sworn into the office the new members of the cabinet.
• The Philippine Civil Affair Unit (PCAU) of the US Army helped in
supplying the needs of the general population.
• They replaced elected Huks municipal leaders with USSAFFE guerrillas.
• Gen. MacArthur advised Osmeña to convoke the Congress.
• November 11, 1941- Sen. Roxas was chosen as President of the Senate.
• July 4, 1945- the Commonwealth was reestablished in Manila.
References:

• Francisco, P.S. (2015) Philippine History. Intramuros, Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.
• Halili, M.N. (n.d.) Philippine History. Manila: Rex Book Store

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