First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

State Variables
Equation of State
Reversible and Irreversible Processes
Heat Capacity
 Reading Questions
I spent ____ reading the text for class today.
1. Zero hours
2. ½ hour
3. 1 hour
4. 1 ½ hours
 Reading Questions
I told a “white lie” on the last question.
1. Yes
2. No
 Reading Questions
I worked _____ on the homework due today
1. Zero
2. ½ hour
3. 1 hour
4. 1 ½ hours
5. 2 or more hours
 Reading Questions
What quantities appear in the first law of thermodynamics?
1. force , mass, acceleartion
2. inertia, torque, angular momentum
3. work, heat, thermal energy
4. work, heat, entropy
5. enthalpy, entropy, heat
 Reading Questions
What quantities appear in the first law of thermodynamics?
1. force , mass, acceleartion
2. inertia, torque, angular momentum
3. work, heat, thermal energy
4. work, heat, entropy
5. enthalpy, entropy, heat
 Reading Questions
Heat is
1. the amount of thermal energy in an object.
2. the energy that moves from a hotter object to a
colder object.
3. a fluid-like substance that flows from a hotter
object to a colder object.
4. Both 1 and 2.
5. Both 2 and 3.
 Reading Questions
Heat is
1. the amount of thermal energy in an object.
2. the energy that moves from a hotter object to a
colder object.
3. a fluid-like substance that flows from a hotter
object to a colder object.
4. Both 1 and 2.
5. Both 2 and 3.
 First Law of Thermodynamics
 First Law of Thermodynamics

K  Wnet  Wcon  Wnonc  Wext

 U   Eth
K  U  Eth  Wext
Emech
Esys  Emech  Eth  Wext

In In thechapters
this last twowe
chapters
focusedwe
onfocused
Wnet = 0on Wnet = 0
 First Law of Thermodynamics
 Energy

Wext  Emech Wext  Eth

 First Law of Thermodynamics
 First Law of Thermodynamics

Ksys 
E WnetE  EW
Wcon
mech W
thnonc extWext
Eint  Eth  Emag  Echemt
Eth  Eint ,th
Wext  W

Eint ,th  W  Q
Heat, Q Work, W
U  Q  W
 First Law of Thermodynamics
 First Law of Thermodynamics
The change in the thermal (internal) energy of a system
depends only on the net heat transfer to the system and the
net work done on the system, and is independent of the
particular processes involved.
Heat
Eint, th or U  Q  W

Heat added to the system is positive

Work done on the system is positive

Work
 First Law of Thermodynamics
 First Law of Thermodynamics

Eint, th or U  Q  W

Heat

Work
 First Law of Thermodynamics
 Thermodynamic Process
Ideal gas
Equation of state PV = NkT
State variables U, P, T, V, N
not Q, W

 Reversible and Irreversible Processes

 First Law of Thermodynamics
 Thermodynamic Work
r2 


W   F dr
r1
s2
W   Fs ds W  area under pV curve
s1
dW  -pdV
Fext   Fgas   pA
dW  Fext dx   Fgasdx   pAdx
dW   pdV
V2
W    1 pdV
V
 First Law of Thermodynamics
 Isochoric Process (Constant Volume)

V2
W    pdV
V1
V2
W V    pdV 0
V1 V

 Isobaric Process (Constant Pressure)

V2 V2
W p    pdV   p  dV
V1 p V1 p

  p(V2  V1 )   pV
 First Law of Thermodynamics
 Isothermal Process for an Ideal Gas

pV  constant

V2 NkT
W T   p(T )dV pV  NkT or p
V1 T V
V2 NkT V2 dV
 dV  NkT 
V1 V T
V1 V
T

V2
 NkT ln V V  NkT ln( V2  V1 )  NkT ln
V2
1
V1
 First Law of Thermodynamics
 Work Depends on the Path
 First Law of Thermodynamics
 Heat
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
 Class Questions
A gas cylinder and piston are covered with heavy insulation.
The piston is pushed into the cylinder, compressing the gas. In
this process, the gas temperature
1. doesn’t change.
2. decreases.
3. increases.
4. there’s not sufficient
information to tell.
 Class Questions
A gas cylinder and piston are covered with heavy insulation.
The piston is pushed into the cylinder, compressing the gas. In
this process, the gas temperature
1. doesn’t change.
2. decreases.
3. increases.
4. there’s not sufficient
information to tell.
 Class Questions
Two process are shown that take an ideal gas from state 1 to
state 3. Compare the work done by process A to the work
done by process B.

1. WA = WB = 0
2. WA > WB
3. WA = WB but neither is zero
4. WA < WB
 Class Questions
Two process are shown that take an ideal gas from state 1 to
state 3. Compare the work done by process A to the work
done by process B.

1. WA = WB = 0
2. WA > WB
3. WA = WB but neither is zero
4. WA < WB
 Class Questions
Which of the following processes involve heat?
1. The brakes in your car get hot when you stop.
2. A steel block is placed under a candle.
3. You push a rigid cylinder of gas across a frictionless
surface.
4. You push a piston into a cylinder of gas, increasing
the temperature of the gas.
5. You place a cylinder of gas in hot water. The gas
expands, causing a piston to rise and lift a weight.
The temperature of the gas does not change.
 Class Questions
Which of the following processes involve heat?
1. The brakes in your car get hot when you stop.
2. A steel block is placed under a candle.
3. You push a rigid cylinder of gas across a frictionless
surface.
4. You push a piston into a cylinder of gas, increasing
the temperature of the gas.
5. You place a cylinder of gas in hot water. The gas
expands, causing a piston to rise and lift a weight.
The temperature of the gas does not change.