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NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION & SOIL

IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES

Faculty: Engineering and Technology


Department: Civil Engineering
Course:
Lecturer: Mr. Maxwell Jackson (HOD)
Presenters: Vanessa Anthon & Siddiq Khan
GROUP MEMBERS
No NAME & USI # No NAME & USI #
1 Cranston France- 11 Adrian Singh - 1014990
1016196
2 Chante Mingo – 1015433 12 Neil Madramootoo - 1011345
3 Ornester Webster- 13 Rondell Fraser - 1009300
1015754
4 Samuel holder- 1014569 14 Rajkumari Bissoon-1014826
5 Stefon Robertson- 15 Anthonette Bentham -
1015442 1013453
6 Trichia Tulloch-1015362 16 Lallman Boodram – 1008736
7 Vanessa Anthon - 17 Raefer Clifton – 1015521
1015165
AIM

“Is to outlines the concepts of Negative


Skin Friction (NSF) how its calculated
and highlight some Soil Improvement
Techniques used in Engineering
AGENDA
 Introduction
 Flexible Pavement Design
 Design Equation
 Procedures for Analysis
INTRODUCTION
It is well-accepted within the foundation engineering
community that piles in settling soil can be subject to Negative
Skin Friction (NSF). Negative skin friction is usually a
downward shear drag acting on a pile or pile group because of
downward movement of surrounding soil relative to the piles.
This shear drag movements are anticipated to occur when a pile
penetrates into compressible soil layer that can consolidate.
A small relative movement between the soil and the pile of
around 10 mm may be adequate for the full negative skin friction
to materialize.
INTRODUCTION CONT’D
Moreover, the time of ending the negative skin fiction of piles
is estimated to be around 2 years and the degree of consolidation
of the soft soils reaches 90%.
Additionally rapid development of infrastructure and scarcity
of useful land, has forced engineers to improve the properties of
soil to bear the load transferred by these infrastructures. The
purpose of these techniques is to increase the bearing capacity and
the strength of the soil and to reduce the settlement to a
considerable extent.
These techniques also help to increase the safety factor
against possible slope failure, reduced compressibility or
permeability and improved ground water condition.
Negative Skin
Friction (NSF)
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
Conditions For Occurrence
Negative skin friction can occur under conditions such as:
 If a fill of clay soil is placed over a granular soil layer into which a pile
is driven, the fill will gradually consolidate. As a result, a downward
drag force will be exerted on the pile during the period of
consolidation.
 If a fill of granular soil is placed over a layer of soft clay it will induce
the process of consolidation in the clay layer and thus exert a
downward drag on the pile.
 If the water table is lowered, the vertical stress on the soil at any depth
will increase and induce consolidation settlement in clay. In the event
that a pile is located in that clay layer, it will be subjected to a
downward drag force.
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
Conditions For Occurrence Cont’d

OCCURRENCE OF NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION WITH CLAY FILL ON GRANULAR SOIL (LEFT) AND GRANULAR SOIL
ON CLAY (RIGHT) WITH HF BEING THE HEIGHT OF FILL – RETRIEVED FROM (DAS, 2015) ON 2018/09/26
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
Effect On Piles And Pile Groups

 Adds to the uneven settlement of piles or pile group.

 For piles in compressible soils where pile capacity is


contributed by both point resistance and shaft adhesion, the
problem of negative skin friction should be considered a
settlement problem.

 In bearing piles where the settlement of the pile is negligible,


negative skin friction becomes a pile capacity problem
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
Effect Of Time On NSF
 NSF generally develops during the construction process or just
after the completion of the construction.
 It depends on the executing time of the structures i.e the NSF
depends on the time of construction and the consolidation of the
soft soils.
 Negative friction forces may increase to a maximum value during
the construction and gradually decrease afterwards. Also, negative
friction might disappear or not affect the piles after a certain time
(t).
 The time factor is important to be determined, so that during
design process we know whether NSF will affects the piles or not.
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
Effect Of Time On NSF
 The time condition of the effect of negative skin friction can be
assumed:

Ss.r(t) = S – Ss(t) = Ss.l – Sp(t) (34)

Where:
Ss.r(t) - is the remaining settlement of the soils
Ss(t) – the settlement of soils at the time t
Ss.l – the limit of the settlement of the subsoil foundation
Sp(t) – the settlement of the piles at the time t.
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
Movement Necessary For NSF To
Develop
 Extremely small movement is all that is needed to generate shear
stress or to reverse the direction of shear along the pile-soil
interface. (Walter & Darvall, 1973, Bjerin 1977, Bozozuk 1981,
Bjerrum et al 1969)

 Pile material is more rigid than the soil and, with time, there will
always be small settlement in a soil generating a small relative
displacement between a pile and the soil that is large enough to
develop shear forces along the pile.

 All piles experience dragloads


Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
Special Considerations For NSF

 All piles will be subjected to negative skin friction and


experience drag load.

 Unless the structural strength of the pile is exceeded, piles


where the soil settlement is small will not create a problem.

 Where the settlement is large, the maximum drag load


induced in a straight and vertical pile is not going to be
significantly different to the drag load where the settlements
are small.
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
Special Considerations For NSF

 Large settlement will cause an inclined pile to bend. For this


reason, it is wise to avoid inclined piles in the foundation, or, at
least, to limit the inclination of the piles to values which can
follow the settlement without excessive bending being induced in
the piles.
 Piles which are bent, doglegged or damaged during the
installation will have a reduced ability to support the service load
in a down drag condition.
 Pile installation should be subjected to strict quality control
directed toward ensuring that the installation is sound and that
bending, cracking, and local buckling does not occur
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
Means for Reducing NSF
 If the design calculations indicate that the pile settlement could be
excessive, increasing the pile length or decreasing the pile
diameter can be employed in order to improve the situation.
 If the calculations indicate that the pile structural capacity is
insufficient, increasing the pile section, or increasing the strength
of the pile material can be employed to improve the situation.
 When such methods are not practical or economical, the NSF can
be reduced by the application of bituminous coating or other
viscous coatings to the pile surfaces before the installation .
 For cast-in-place piles, floating sleeves have been used
successfully
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
CALCULATING NSF
CLAY FILLED OVER GRANULAR SOIL
 The negative (downward) skin stress on the pile can be calculated
using:

Where:
K’- Earth Pressure Coefficient (k=1-sin ø)
σ_0^'- Vertical effective stress at any depth (z=y’fz)
Y_f^'- Effective unit weight of fill
δ- Soil- Pile friction angle ≈ 0.5- 0.7ø
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
CALCULATING NSF
CLAY FILLED OVER GRANULAR SOIL
 The total downward drag force, Qn on a pile can be found using:
negative (downward) skin stress on the pile can be calculated
NB: If the fill is above the water table, the
using:
effective unit weight should be replaced
by the moist unit weight.
Where:
K’- Earth Pressure Coefficient (k=1-sin ø)
σ_0^'- Vertical effective stress at any depth (z=y’fz)
Y_f^'- Effective unit weight of fill
δ- Soil- Pile friction angle ≈ 0.5- 0.7ø
Hf- Height of fill
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
CALCULATING NSF
GRANULAR SOIL FILL OVER CLAY
 The NSF on the pile may exist from Z=0 to Z= L1 which is
referred to as the neutral depth. The neutral depth may be found
using (Bowles 1982)

Where:
Y_f^' - Effective unit weights of the fill
Y’- Effective unit weights of underlying clay layer.

NB: For end bearing piles, the neutral depth may be assumed to be
located at the pile tip, therefore, L1=L-Hf
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
CALCULATING NSF
GRANULAR SOIL FILL OVER CLAY
 At any depth Z=0 to Z=L1, the unit negative skin friction can be
found using:

Where:
k'=k0=1-sin〖∅' 〗
σ0 '=y_f H_f+y^' z
δ'=0.5- 0.7ø
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
CALCULATING NSF
GRANULAR SOIL FILL OVER CLAY
 Hence, the total downward drag force, Qn on a pile can be found
using:

Where:
k'=k0=1-sin〖∅' 〗
σ_0^'=y_f H_f+y^' z
δ'=0.5- 0.7ø
NB: If the soil and the fill are above the water table, the effective unit
weights should be replaced by the moist unit weights.
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
CALCULATING NSF
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
Given
In figure below, let Hƒ = 2 m, pile diameter = 0.305, 𝛾𝑓 = 16.5 KN/m3, Ǿclay =34o ,
 Hƒ = 2m
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡(𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦) = 17.2kN/m3, and L = 20 m. the water table coincides with the top of
the clay layer. Determine the downward drag force. Assume
Pile diameter
that δ’ == 0.305
0.6Ǿclaym.
 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡(𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦) = 17.2kN/m3
 L = 20 m
 Ǿ = 34o
 δ’ = 0.6Ǿclay.
Determine the downward
drag force Qn )
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
CALCULATING NSF
Solution Given
 Hƒ = 2m
The depth of the neutral plane is given as
 Pile diameter = 0.305 m
𝑳−𝑯𝒇 𝑳− 𝑯𝒇 𝜸𝒇 𝑯𝒇 𝟐𝜸𝒇𝑯𝒇
 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡(𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦) = 17.2kN/m3
L1 = ( + )–
𝑳 𝑳 𝜸′ 𝜸′  L = 20 m
 Ǿ = 34o
Note; the fill is above the water table, so  δ’ = 0.6Ǿclay.

(20−2) (20−2) (16.5)(2) (2)(16.5)(2)


L1 = [ + ] -
𝐿1 2 (17.2−9.81) (17.2−9.81)
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
CALCULATING NSF
Solution Cont’d

L1 = 242.4 – 8.93; L1 = 11.75 m


𝐿1

Now we have
Qn = (pK’𝛾𝑓 𝐻𝑓 tan δ’)L1 +

With Р = π(0.305) = 0.958m And K’ = 1- sin 34o = - 0.44


Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
CALCULATING NSF
Solution Cont’d

Hence,
Qn = (0.958)(0.44)(16.5)(2)[ tan(0.6 x 34)](11.75) +
2
11.75 0.958 0.44 17.2 − 9.81 [tan 0.6 x 34 ]
2
Qn = 60.78+79.97
Qn = 140.75 kN
Soil Improvement
Techniques.
SOIL IMPROVEMENT
TECHNIQUES
The in situ soil at a construction site may not be suitable in its status quo
for supporting structures. Various techniques are utilized to:
 Reduce settlement of structures.
 Improve shear strength of soil and thus increase the bearing capacity
of shallow foundations.
 Increase the safety factor against possible slope failure.
 Reduced compressibility, reduced permeability, or improved ground
water condition.
Categories Of
Soil Improvement

 Soil improvement without admixtures


 Soil improvement using drainage methods
 Soil improvement with admixtures or inclusions
 Soil improvement using stabilization with additives and
grouting methods
 Soil improvement using thermal methods
Soil Improvement
Without Admixtures
This category of soil improvement is widely and commonly
used. It can be executed using many techniques including:
 Surface compaction
 Soil replacement
 Preloading
 Geosynthetics
Soil Improvement Without
Admixtures Cont’d
Surface Compaction
 One of the oldest methods of soil densification.
 It can be executed using surface compaction devices or
dynamic compaction methods.
 The usual surface compaction devices are rollers, tampers and
rammers.
 Conventional rollers are selected depending on the insitu
conditions and type of structure to be constructed.
 Dynamic compaction involves dropping a heavy weight
repeatedly on the ground at regular intervals.
 The degree of compaction depends on the weight of hammer,
height of hammer drop, and spacing.
Surface Compaction Cont’d
Dynamic Compaction
Soil Improvement Without
Admixtures Cont’d
Soil Replacement
 One of the oldest and simplest methods.
 Improve the bearing soil conditions.
 The foundation condition can be improved by replacing poor
soil (eg. organic soils and medium or soft clay) with more
competent materials such as sand, gravel or crushed stone in
order to reduce consolidation settlement and increase soil
bearing capacity.
Soil Improvement Without
Admixtures Cont’d
Pre compression or Preloading
 This technique is simply to place a surcharge fill on the top of
the soil that requires large consolidation settlement to take
place before construction of the structure.
 Once sufficient consolidation has occurred, the fill can be
removed and construction process takes place.
 In general, this technique is adequate and most effective in
clayey soil.
Soil Improvement Without
Admixtures Cont’d
Geosynthetics
These include: There major functions are:
 Geotextiles  Separation
 Geomembranes  Reinforcement
 Geogrids  Filtration
 Geonets  Drainage
 Geocomposites  Moisture Barrier
Soil Improvement Without
Admixtures Cont’d
Geosynthetics cont’d
Soil Improvement
Without Admixtures Cont’d

Geosynthetics cont’d
Soil Improvement Without
Admixtures Cont’d
Geosynthetics cont’d

Photos Showing Geosynthetics in use


Soil Improvement Without
Admixtures Cont’d
Geosynthetics Cont’d

Photos Showing Geosynthetics in use


Soil Improvement Without
Admixtures Cont’d
Vibro-compaction or Vibroflotation
 It is a ground improvement process for densifying loose sands to
create stable foundation soils, powerful debt vibration is used to
rearrange soil particles into a denser configuration.

 The principle behind vibro-compaction is simple. The combined


action of vibration and water saturation by jetting rearranges
loose sand grains into a more compact state. It is performed
with specially-designed vibrating probes called a vibroflot. Both
horizontal and vertical modes of vibration have been used in the
past
Soil Improvement Without
Admixtures Cont’d
Vibro-compaction or Vibroflotation cont’d
Soil Improvement
Draining Methods
Certain methods are available to control the ground
 Ground water is one of the most difficult problems in
water and ensure a safe and economical construction
scheme, these
excavation include:
work.
 Wick Drains
 The presence of water increases the pore water pressure
 French drains
 Well-point Systems
and decreases the shear strength. Further heavy inflow of
 Deep- well Drainage
water to the excavations is liable to cause erosion or
 Vacuum Dewatering system
 Dewatering by Electro-osmosis
collapse of the sides of open excavations
Soil Improvement
Draining Methods Cont’d
Wick Drains
 Are a unique technique ,the drains are installed under a
surcharge load to accelerate the drainage of relatively
impervious soils and thus speed up consolidation.

 Drains are installed vertically and of consist of channeled


synthetics core wrapped in geotextile fabric.

 Drains provide a shorter path for the water to flow through


to get away from the soil.
Soil Improvement
Draining Methods Cont’d
Wick Drains Cont’d
Soil Improvement
Draining Methods Cont’d
French Drains
 Is a gravel-filled trench that includes a perforated or slotted pipe,
gravel also blocks the passage of excess debris.

 It is used to direct surface water or groundwater away from a specific


area, such as a foundation.

 They can be installed in conjunction with wick drains to channel


expelled water away from a given construction site.

 French drains differ from typical surface drains because they collect
water over the entire length of the drain instead of one particular spot.
Soil Improvement
Draining Methods Cont’d
French Drains cont’d
.
Soil Improvement
Draining Methods Cont’d
Wellpoint Dewatering
 Is widely used for excavations of shallow depths, especially for
pipeline trench excavations.

 In appropriate ground conditions a wellpoint system can be


installed speedily and made operational rapidly.

 A typical system consists of a series of small diameters wells


(known as wellpoints) connected via a header pipe, to the
suction side of a suitable wellpoint pump.
Soil Improvement
Draining Methods Cont’d
Well Point Dewatering Contd
Soil Improvement
Draining Methods Cont’d
Aggregate Columns
 Are popularly used in cohesive soils to improve shear strength,
to reduce the excessive settlement and to speed up the
consolidation by shortening horizontal drainage paths for pore-
water flow.
 Stone columns are more preferable than sand columns because
of its granular nature which provide additional shear strength to
the surrounding soils.
 Sand columns are, however, more economical.
 Cementous materials may be mixed with the aggregate to
further increase strength.
Soil Improvement
Draining Methods Cont’d

Aggregate
Columns
Cont’d
Soil Improvement
Stabilization with Additives
and Grouting.

 Soil stabilization method is widely used to improve soil strength


and decrease its compressibility through bonding the soil
particles together.

 Additives or grout are mixed with soil to bring about the


stabilizing action required.
 Chemical stabilization
 Deep Mixed columns
 Jet grouting
Soil Improvement
Stabilization with Additives
and Grouting Cont’d
Chemical Stabilization
 Stabilization can be achieved by pulverizing the natural soil,
mixing in a chemical additive, and thoroughly compacting the
mixture.
 Soil stabilization depends mainly on chemical reactions between
the additive (such as lime, cement, fly ash or combinations of
them) and the natural soil to achieve the desired effect.
 Stabilizing help to improve the performance of the soil,
accelerate settlement, increase the strength, the durability and
reduce the compressibility of the soil.
Soil Improvement
Stabilization with Additives
and Grouting Cont’d
Deep mixed columns
 This is in situ ground modification method involves the
stabilization of soils at large depth.
 Wet or dry binder (lime or cement) is injected into the ground
and blended with in situ clayey soils by mechanical or rotary
mixing tool to create a column, or panel of columns.
 Deep mixed columns are similar to stone columns.
 They reduce expected settlement by promoting soil arching
which transfers the loads to stiffer panels rather than in situ
soil.
Soil Improvement
Stabilization with Additives
and Grouting Cont’d
Jet Grouting
 Jet grouting is an erosion-based system which proves its
effectiveness across wide range of soils.

 The technique, hydraulically, mixes soil with grout to create a


cementitious soil matrix called soilcrete.

 Hydraulic Rotary drill is used to reach the design depth and at


that point grout and sometimes water and air are pumped to the
drill rig.
Soil Improvement
Stabilization with Additives
and Grouting Cont’d
Jet Grouting cont’d
Soil Improvement
Thermal Methods
 Heating or freezing a soil can cause marked changes in its
properties. Although thermal stabilizations appear to be very
effective, the use of these methods is limited because of its high
cost.
Soil Improvement
Stabilization with Additives
and Grouting Cont’d
Heating
 A small increase in temperature may cause strength increase in
fine grained soils by reducing the electric repulsion between
the particles, a flow of pore water due to thermal gradient and a
reduction in moisture content because of increasing
evaporation rate.
 Heating is applied to the soil by burning liquid or gas fuels in
boreholes or injection of hot air that can produce stabilized
zone after continuous treatment for about 10 days.
Soil Improvement
Stabilization with Additives
and Grouting Cont’d

Heating Cont’d
 This techniques can be effectively used when a large and
inexpensive heat source is located near the site
Soil Improvement
Stabilization with Additives
and Grouting Cont’d
Freezing
 Soil freezing involves lowering the temperature of the soil until
the moisture in the pore spaces freezes.

 Freezing of pore water acts as a cementing agent between the


soil particles causing significant increase in shear strength and
permeability.

 Unlike soil heating, soil freezing may be applicable to a wide


range of soil types, grain sizes and ground conditions.
Soil Improvement
Stabilization with Additives
and Grouting Cont’d

Freezing Cont’d
 Fundamentally, the only requirement is that the ground has
sufficient soil moisture (pore water).

 The process typically involves installing double walled pipes in


the soil. A coolant is circulated through a closed circuit. A
refrigeration plant is used to maintain the coolant’s
temperature.
Flexible Pavement
Structural Design
CONCLUSION
 Negative skin friction is considered a structural capacity problem
in case of end bearing piles. In case of floating pile it may cause
serviceability problem if its effect is not well considered.
 Ground Improvement Techniques is a technically viable and cost
effective solution for soils which are weak in strength.
 There are many available improvement techniques that can be
used for the purposes of increasing bearing capacity, enhancing
shear strength and decreasing consolidation settlement of
saturated medium clay such as soil replacement, preloading with
vertical drains, stone columns, stabilization with additives and
thermal methods.
REFERENCES
 S. Bryson and H. El Naggar, "Evaluation of the efficiency of different ground
improvement techniques," in proceeding of the 18th International Conference
on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris, 2013.
.
 Paul Gregory Makusa , "Soil Stablization Methods and Materials,“ Luleå
University of Technology, Sweden, 2012.

 Gaafer, Manar, Bassioni, Hesham, Mostafa, and Tareq. "Soil Improvement


Techniques." International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 6, no.
12 (December 2015): 217-22.

 Peter G. Nicholson, soil improvement and ground modification methods.:


Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014.
REFERENCES CONT’D
 "Negative Skin Friction In Piles: Causes & Design Calculations | Civildigital |".
2018. Civildigital. https://civildigital.com/negative-skin-friction-piles-causes-
design-calculations/. Accessed: 27th September, 2018.
.
 "Negative Skin Friction On Piles And Pile Groups". 2018. The Constructor.
https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/negative-skin-friction-piles/3376/.
Accessed: 27th September, 2018.

 "The Group Effect On Negative Skin Friction On Piles". 2018.


https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii. Accessed: 27th
September, 2018.
REFERENCES CONT’D
 "PILE FOUNDATION Session 17 – Ppt Video Online Download". 2018.
Slideplayer.Com. https://slideplayer.com/slide/7942290/. Accessed: 27th
September, 2018.
.
 "How To Improve Soil Properties". 2018. The Constructor.
https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/how-improve-soil-
properties/1410/. Accessed: 27th September, 2018.
QUESTIONS

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