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IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES
OCCURRENCE OF NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION WITH CLAY FILL ON GRANULAR SOIL (LEFT) AND GRANULAR SOIL
ON CLAY (RIGHT) WITH HF BEING THE HEIGHT OF FILL – RETRIEVED FROM (DAS, 2015) ON 2018/09/26
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
Effect On Piles And Pile Groups
Where:
Ss.r(t) - is the remaining settlement of the soils
Ss(t) – the settlement of soils at the time t
Ss.l – the limit of the settlement of the subsoil foundation
Sp(t) – the settlement of the piles at the time t.
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
Movement Necessary For NSF To
Develop
Extremely small movement is all that is needed to generate shear
stress or to reverse the direction of shear along the pile-soil
interface. (Walter & Darvall, 1973, Bjerin 1977, Bozozuk 1981,
Bjerrum et al 1969)
Pile material is more rigid than the soil and, with time, there will
always be small settlement in a soil generating a small relative
displacement between a pile and the soil that is large enough to
develop shear forces along the pile.
Where:
K’- Earth Pressure Coefficient (k=1-sin ø)
σ_0^'- Vertical effective stress at any depth (z=y’fz)
Y_f^'- Effective unit weight of fill
δ- Soil- Pile friction angle ≈ 0.5- 0.7ø
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
CALCULATING NSF
CLAY FILLED OVER GRANULAR SOIL
The total downward drag force, Qn on a pile can be found using:
negative (downward) skin stress on the pile can be calculated
NB: If the fill is above the water table, the
using:
effective unit weight should be replaced
by the moist unit weight.
Where:
K’- Earth Pressure Coefficient (k=1-sin ø)
σ_0^'- Vertical effective stress at any depth (z=y’fz)
Y_f^'- Effective unit weight of fill
δ- Soil- Pile friction angle ≈ 0.5- 0.7ø
Hf- Height of fill
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
CALCULATING NSF
GRANULAR SOIL FILL OVER CLAY
The NSF on the pile may exist from Z=0 to Z= L1 which is
referred to as the neutral depth. The neutral depth may be found
using (Bowles 1982)
Where:
Y_f^' - Effective unit weights of the fill
Y’- Effective unit weights of underlying clay layer.
NB: For end bearing piles, the neutral depth may be assumed to be
located at the pile tip, therefore, L1=L-Hf
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
CALCULATING NSF
GRANULAR SOIL FILL OVER CLAY
At any depth Z=0 to Z=L1, the unit negative skin friction can be
found using:
Where:
k'=k0=1-sin〖∅' 〗
σ0 '=y_f H_f+y^' z
δ'=0.5- 0.7ø
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
CALCULATING NSF
GRANULAR SOIL FILL OVER CLAY
Hence, the total downward drag force, Qn on a pile can be found
using:
Where:
k'=k0=1-sin〖∅' 〗
σ_0^'=y_f H_f+y^' z
δ'=0.5- 0.7ø
NB: If the soil and the fill are above the water table, the effective unit
weights should be replaced by the moist unit weights.
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
CALCULATING NSF
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
Given
In figure below, let Hƒ = 2 m, pile diameter = 0.305, 𝛾𝑓 = 16.5 KN/m3, Ǿclay =34o ,
Hƒ = 2m
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡(𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦) = 17.2kN/m3, and L = 20 m. the water table coincides with the top of
the clay layer. Determine the downward drag force. Assume
Pile diameter
that δ’ == 0.305
0.6Ǿclaym.
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡(𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦) = 17.2kN/m3
L = 20 m
Ǿ = 34o
δ’ = 0.6Ǿclay.
Determine the downward
drag force Qn )
Negative Skin Friction (NSF)
CALCULATING NSF
Solution Given
Hƒ = 2m
The depth of the neutral plane is given as
Pile diameter = 0.305 m
𝑳−𝑯𝒇 𝑳− 𝑯𝒇 𝜸𝒇 𝑯𝒇 𝟐𝜸𝒇𝑯𝒇
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡(𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦) = 17.2kN/m3
L1 = ( + )–
𝑳 𝑳 𝜸′ 𝜸′ L = 20 m
Ǿ = 34o
Note; the fill is above the water table, so δ’ = 0.6Ǿclay.
Now we have
Qn = (pK’𝛾𝑓 𝐻𝑓 tan δ’)L1 +
Hence,
Qn = (0.958)(0.44)(16.5)(2)[ tan(0.6 x 34)](11.75) +
2
11.75 0.958 0.44 17.2 − 9.81 [tan 0.6 x 34 ]
2
Qn = 60.78+79.97
Qn = 140.75 kN
Soil Improvement
Techniques.
SOIL IMPROVEMENT
TECHNIQUES
The in situ soil at a construction site may not be suitable in its status quo
for supporting structures. Various techniques are utilized to:
Reduce settlement of structures.
Improve shear strength of soil and thus increase the bearing capacity
of shallow foundations.
Increase the safety factor against possible slope failure.
Reduced compressibility, reduced permeability, or improved ground
water condition.
Categories Of
Soil Improvement
Geosynthetics cont’d
Soil Improvement Without
Admixtures Cont’d
Geosynthetics cont’d
French drains differ from typical surface drains because they collect
water over the entire length of the drain instead of one particular spot.
Soil Improvement
Draining Methods Cont’d
French Drains cont’d
.
Soil Improvement
Draining Methods Cont’d
Wellpoint Dewatering
Is widely used for excavations of shallow depths, especially for
pipeline trench excavations.
Aggregate
Columns
Cont’d
Soil Improvement
Stabilization with Additives
and Grouting.
Heating Cont’d
This techniques can be effectively used when a large and
inexpensive heat source is located near the site
Soil Improvement
Stabilization with Additives
and Grouting Cont’d
Freezing
Soil freezing involves lowering the temperature of the soil until
the moisture in the pore spaces freezes.
Freezing Cont’d
Fundamentally, the only requirement is that the ground has
sufficient soil moisture (pore water).