WELL LOGGING

FEBRIWAN MOHAMAD
WELL LOGGING
- OVERVIEW
- GEOPHYSICAL LOGS
- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- EXAMPLES
- INTERPRETATION
- RECIPE
The First Log

Well in Pechelbronn - France Surface Recording Instrument

The “First” Log recorded in 1927

Surface Acquisition Unit

Acquisition and Processing

Computers

Winch Control
& Power Unit

Depth
Measurement
Unit

Seven Conductor
Data Transmission Unit
Cable
Mono Conductor
Cable
 Here are a few different types of drilling rigs available:
Jackup Rig
Land Rig For drilling in water
depths from 15 ft
to +/- 350 ft.

For drilling on land.

Inland Barge
Drill Ship

Semi-Submersible Rig
For drilling in water depths Drill ships and semi-submersible rigs are for drilling in
from 8 to 30 ft. water depths from 100 to 5000+ ft.

A Drilling Rig ! Prepared by Tom Sheeran

This picture shows the hoisting equipment on a rig.
This equipment is used to raise or lower the drillstring, which is
picked up in 30 foot long segments, or “joints”, of drill pipe.

The hoisting equipment

consists of: derrick

a crown block,
a traveling block,
drilling line,
and a drawworks to
This shows a 30 foot section
pull the drilling line up of drill pipe being added to
or down. the drill pipe already in the
hole.

substructure

Drill string
spare drill pipe
Drill bit

Prepared by Tom Sheeran

Here’s a picture of the drill bit drilling the rock.
The drill string is turned at
surface, which turns the bit
at the bottom of the hole.
The teeth on the drill bit
grind the rock into
fragments, or “cuttings”.
Drilling mud is
pumped down the inside
of the drill pipe, through
jet nozzles in the bit,
and into the “annulus”.
This is the space
between the sides of the
hole and the drill pipe.
The mud lifts the
cuttings and circulates
them back to surface
where they are removed.
Prepared by Tom Sheeran
The Drilling Mud Cycle
1) Clean drilling mud is taken from the steel
mud tanks and pumped down the inside of the
drill pipe.

4) the mixture is
circulated across
screens at surface

3) the mixture of drilling mud and

drill cuttings are circulated up the
6) Clean mud falls annulus
screens through the screens
and is returned to the
pits

mud pump

5) the drill cuttings are removed, and 2) the mud is circulated through the drill bit into the
form a cuttings pile. This can be annulus, lifting the cuttings removed by the drill bit.
hauled off and disposed of.
Prepared by Tom Sheeran
Here’s a sequence showing how holes are drilled,
First, a large drill bit is used to drill
a short interval of hole.
0’
Then, steel casing is run and cemented on
the outside to keep the hole from
collapsing.

200’

Prepared by Tom Sheeran

 0’

Next,
a smaller bit is Then, this new
run inside the hole is also
first casing. cased off and
cemented.
This bit drills
out the bottom
of the casing,
and drills new
hole.
200’

500’

Prepared by Tom Sheeran

Again, a smaller
hole is drilled out,
and smaller
casing is run
to keep the
hole from
falling in.

Prepared by Tom Sheeran

In this way, the hole is drilled in stages, until the target reservoir rock is penetrated. At
this point, the geologists must figure out if there is oil or gas in it.

Prospect zone

Prepared by Tom Sheeran

 How do Geologists tell if the reservoir has oil or gas?
They do this by running logs across the zone. Logs are tools run on electric cable
(“wireline”) which record the physical properties in the rock such as resistivity, porosity,
density, radioactivity, and pore pressure.

Prepared by Tom Sheeran

Can you tell where the geologist would complete this well?
Gamma Electrical Porosity
Radiation Resistivity

good porosity

200’
poor
resistivity, poor porosity
probably
water

good porosity

500’ poor porosity

good
resistivity,
may have oil
good porosity
}Right here! This shows a clean sand,
Looks or gas with good porosity and resistivity.
like
good poor
sand porosity
quality
poor
resistivity, good porosity
probably water

3000’ Prepared by Tom Sheeran

Application of Well Logging

 Core Holes
 Shot holes
 Water wells
 Hydrocarbon (conventional & progress)
 Mineral exploration
 Geotechnical engineering
 Environmental engineering

Logs_Prop Interpretation
 Logging Tools

Logging Tool
Electronics

Measurement Sensors (Sonde)

Product of Indonesia
Combo Formation Log
Triple Combo Log
Single Run Log
Depth Measurement

Mean Sea Level

Derrick Floor
Elevation (DFE)

True Vertical Depth

(TVD)

Logging Measured Depth

Wireline Logging Logging while Drilling
Perforation Cased Hole Logging
 Well

Sandstone
Depth
Claystone

Limestone

Shale

Granite

Open Hole Logs Formation Properties

• Resistivity • Rock type
• Nuclear • Porosity
• Acoustic • Permeability
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance • Fluid type
• Sampling • Fluid volume
• Formation tops
• Fractures
 JENIS LOG
DAN
SIFAT FISIKA BATUAN
  kedalaman batas litologi.
 identifikasi litologi.
 kelas mineral / kualitas.
 korelasi antar lubang bor.
 pemetaan struktur.
 penentuan dip.
 kekuatan batuan.
 stres orientasi in-situ.
 Frekuensi fraktur.
 porositas.
 salinitas fluida.

Aplikasi-aplikasi
Kedalaman Investigasi dari Peralatan Logging
 TUJUAN INTERPRETASI LOG
Aspek Geologi -Geofisika
•Analisis fasies.
•Korelasi sumur ke sumur
•sejarah struktural dan sedimentasi
•jenis reservoir (litologi).
•kapasitas penyimpanan (porositas).
•Jenis hidrokarbon dan konten (saturasi).
•producibility nya (permeabilitas).

Penentuan Parameter sifat fisik batuan :

•porositas.
•saturasi air, jenis fluida (minyak / gas / air).
•litologi.
•permeabilitas.

Penentuan Parameter Tutunan :

•hidrokarbon-di-tempat.
•Klasifikasi cadangan
•pemetaan reservoar.
LOG RESISTIVITAS
 Log Resistivitas
Dasar-dasar tentang Resistivitas :

 Resistivitas mengukur sifat elektrik

dari formasi,
 Resistivitas diukur sebagai R
dalam ohm-m,
 Resistivitas adalah inverse
konductivitas,

Log Resistivity mengukur kemampuan

dari batuan untuk mengalirkan arus listrik
dan diskalakan dalam satuan ohm-meters.

Kegunaan:
-Menentukan hidrokarbon dibandingkan
zona Water-bearing
-Tunjukkan zona Permeable,
- Menentukan hubungan porositas.
Symbols Used in
Log Interpretation
 Resistivity Theory
Resistance increases with length, decreases as cross-sectional
area increases

R = r.a/L (ohm-meters2/meter)

r = resistance
a = area
L = length
R = resistance
Current can only pass through the water
in the formation, hence the resistivity
depend on :

Resistivity of the formation

water.

Amount of water present.

Pore structure.
MICRO RESISTIVITY
LATEROLOG
 HRLA log vs DLL example

Curve separation
shows invasion Curve separation
results from Groningen
effect

High vertical
resolution Groningen effect
in indicator curve
Log Spontaneous Potential (SP)
 Kurva SP merekam potensial listrik
alami (tegangan) yang dihasilkan
oleh interaksi air formasi
bawaan,fluida pengeboran
konduktif,dan shale.
 Kurva SP merefleksikan perbedaan
potensial listrik antara elektroda
bergerak dalam lubang bor dan
elektroda tetap di permukaan.
 memiliki kegunaan lain juga:
 Indikator permeabilitas,
 indikator volume shale.
 Indikator porositas
 pengukuran Rw (salinitas air).
 SP- Spontaneous Potential Log

Principle: measurements
SP- Spontaneous Potential Log
LOG RADIOAKTIF
 LOG SINAR GAMMA (GAMMA RAY)

 Sinar gamma gelombang elektromagnetik

energi tinggi yang dipancarkan oleh inti
atom sebagai bentuk radiasi.
 Log sinar gamma adalah pengukuran
radioaktivitas alami
 Mengukur pancaran radiasi dari alami U,
Th, dan K.
 Log GR merefleksikan kandungan shale
atau clay.
 Formasi bersih memiliki tingkat
radioaktivitas rendah.
 Korelasi antar sumur
 Penentuan batas alas
 Evaluasi kandungan shale dalam formasi
 Log GR dapat dijalankan pada sumur open
hole dan cased hole
 Log Neutron
 Log Neutron digunakan untuk
mengevaluasi porositas formasi
 Digunakan untuk mendeteksi gas dalam
situasi tertentu, memanfaatkan densitas
hidrogen yang lebih rendah, atau indeks
hidrogen.
 Log Neutron : pengukuran kontinyu dari
radiasi induksi yg dihasilkan oleh
penembakan formasi dengan sumber
neutron yang terkandung dalam alat
logging. Sumber memancarkan neutron
cepat yang pada akhirnya diperlambat
oleh tumbukan dengan atom hidrogen
sampai mereka ditangkap kembali
 Alat neutron modern yang paling umum
menghitung neutron termal dengan
detektor He-3 jenis.
Log Densitas
 Formasi densitas log adalah log yang mengukur densitas
elektron dari formasi.

 Formasi padat menyerap banyak sinar gamma, sedangkan

formasi lunak menyerap lebih sedikit. Dengan demikian,
tingkat tinggi-hitungan pada detektor menunjukkan
formasi low-density, sedangkan tingkat menghitung
rendah pada detektor menunjukkan formasi kepadatan
tinggi.

 Oleh karena itu, sinar gamma tersebar mencapai detektor

merupakan indikasi Densitas formasi.

Skala dan unit:.

Skala yang paling sering digunakan adalah suatu rentang dari 2,0-
3,0 gm / cc atau 1,95-2,95 gm / cc di dua jejak(tracks).

Sebuah densitas berasal kurva porositas kadang-kadang hadir di

jejak # 2 dan # 3 bersama dengan bulk density (rb) dan kurva koreksi
(Dr). Jejak # 1 berisi ray log gamma dan caliper.
 Log Acoustic
 Alat akustik mengukur kecepatan
gelombang suara dalam formasi bawah
permukaan. Sementara log akustik dapat
digunakan untuk menentukan porositas
dalam formasi konsolidasi, juga berguna
dalam aplikasi lain, seperti:
 Menunjukkan litologi (menggunakan rasio
kompresi kecepatan atas kecepatan geser).
 Menentukan waktu perjalanan terpadu
(alat penting untuk korelasi seismik /
sumur bor),
 Korelasi dengan sumur lainnya
 Mendeteksi fraktur dan mengevaluasi
porositas sekunder,
 Mengevaluasi obligasi semen antara casing,
dan formasi,
 Mendeteksi over-pressure,
 Menentukan sifat mekanik (dalam
kombinasi dengan log densitas), dan
 Menentukan impedansi akustik (dalam
kombinasi dengan log densitas).
LOG ACOUSTIC (SONIC)
• Alat biasanya terdiri dari satu
pemancar suara (di atas) dan dua
penerima (di bawah).
• Suara dibangkitkan, berjalan melalui
formasi.
Upper
• Waktu yang diperlukan antara
transmitter gelombang suara pada receiver 1 vs 2
receiver 2 tergantung pada densitas
medium yang dijalari bunyi .
R1
R2
R3
R4

Lower
transmitter
LOG AKUSTIK (SONIC)
GR DT
0 API 200 140 USFT 40
CALIX SPHI
6 IN 16 30 % 10

4100

Sonic travel time

Gamma
Ray

Sonic
porosity

4200

Caliper
 LOG SONIK
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200
DT
10700
150 us/f 50

10800

LogSonik

10900
 Gelobang Tekan Gelombang Gelombang Mud
Rayleigh

E3
E1

T0 E2

50
sec
MATRIKS LITOLOGI WAKTU
PENJALARAN YG BIASA DIPAKAI

Lithologi Tipe Travel Time Matriks,

tma, sec/ft
Sandstone 55.5
Limestone 47.5
Dolomite 43.5
Anydridte 50.0
Salt 66.7
A brief overview of Well
logs and Petrophysics
PETROPHYSICS
 Objective of Petrophysics
Identify and quantify hydrocarbon
resources in the subsurface and evaluate
fluid & rocks properties
 Petrophysical Data & Sources

 Mudlogs (data/cutting)
 Cores (drill core/sidewall samples)
 Open Hole Logs (wireline/while
drilling)
 Cased Hole Logs (during well
production)
 Borehole seismic

Fluids : contacts, saturation

Rocks: porosity, permeabillity, lithology
Mudlogs (data/cutting)
 Applications:
◦ Monitoring of bit
performance
◦ Determination of lithology
◦ Early identification of well’s
position within predicted
stratigraphy
◦ Identification of HC type.
 Limitation:
 Depth accuracy ± 5 meters
 Rock fragment from various
depths are mixed when they
reached the surface.
 Unstable shale contaminates
the rock cuttings
Core (drill core/sidewall core)
Core (drill core/sidewall core)
Borehole environment
XRD & Thin Section Data
Petrophysics Workflow

LAS ENVIRONMENTAL LOG BADHOLE or/and

CORRECTION NORMALIZATION
DATA COAL LOGIC

SHALE WATER a, m, n
POROSITY
VOLUME SATURATION (SCAL)

GR NPHI – RHOB PICKETT Rw (WATER

FREQUENCY XPLOT PLOT ANALYSIS)

GR_MA NPHI_SH a&m DST RESULT

GR_SH RHOB_SH Rw (TEST DATA)

PHI & SW
VSH PHIE SWE
(ROUTINE or SWC)
 Environmental Correction
• Logging company that had been operated
• Every curves was corrected depends on Schlumberger
charts.
• Environmental corrections were applied to the gamma ray,
neutron, density, and resistivity curves.
• Gamma Ray corrected by influence of tool position at
logging time, size of gamma ray tools, fluid that used during
drilling, and borehole size correction.
• Neutron Log corrected by lithology scale, logging vintage,
borehole size corrections, mudcake thickness correction,
salinity correction, mud weight correction, standoff
correction, and borehole temperature factor.
• Density Log corrected by drilling fluid, and borehole
condition.
• Resistivity correction started with microresistivity (MSFL
or MLL) analysis to get flushed zone resistivity (RXO) and
flushed zone conductivity (CXO).
• Corrected resistivity value and true formation resistivity
determined from several module, depends on resistivity
curves avaibility (Induction/Laterolog).
Volume Shale
Volume Shale
Volume Shale
Volume Shale (From SP)
Porosity (Sonic, Neutron, and Density)
Porosity (Sonic, Density, and Neutron)
Porosity (Sonic, Neutron, and Density)
Neutron Logs

► Neutron logs are porosity logs that measure the

hydrogen ion concentration in a formation.
► In clean formations (i.e. shale-free) where the
porosity is filled with water or oil, the neutron log
measures liquid-filled porosity.
► Whenever pores are filled with gas rather than oil
or water, neutron porosity will be lowered. This
occurs because there is less concentration of
hydrogen in gas compared to oil or water.
► A lowering of neutron porosity by gas is called gas effect.
► Neutron log responses vary, depending on: (1) differences
in detector types, (2) spacing between source and detector,
and (3) lithology-i.e.sandstone, limeston limeston, and
dolomite , dolomite.
Matrix Identification
 From core description/petrography
analysis
 Crossplot from log
Porosity Result
Sw and archie’s equation
Determination rw
 From Water Analysis/ Data Test

0.25 @ 25.5 c
 Determination RW
From Pickett Plot

RW 0.182 @ 65C
SW ARCHIE EXAMPLE

Equation

Parameter:
a =1
m=2
n =2
RW Cycle 7 = 0.258 @ 27 c
SW ARCHIE Result

DST 3 (1401–1420m)
Recovery:
Oil = 1024.9 BOPD
SW = 0.35
Gas = 1.5 MMCFGPD

DST 2A – 2B (1063–
SW = 0.687 1065m)
Chamber content:
Oil = 130 cc
Gas = 0.685 Cuft
SW = 0.63