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This document discusses various causes of over-voltages in power systems, including internal causes like switching surges during operations, insulation failures, arcing grounds, and resonance, as well as external causes from lightning. Switching surges are now a more governing factor in insulation design for high voltage systems compared to lightning as transmission voltages increase. Lightning can increase voltages several times normal levels and cause severe equipment damage if not protected against.
This document discusses various causes of over-voltages in power systems, including internal causes like switching surges during operations, insulation failures, arcing grounds, and resonance, as well as external causes from lightning. Switching surges are now a more governing factor in insulation design for high voltage systems compared to lightning as transmission voltages increase. Lightning can increase voltages several times normal levels and cause severe equipment damage if not protected against.
This document discusses various causes of over-voltages in power systems, including internal causes like switching surges during operations, insulation failures, arcing grounds, and resonance, as well as external causes from lightning. Switching surges are now a more governing factor in insulation design for high voltage systems compared to lightning as transmission voltages increase. Lightning can increase voltages several times normal levels and cause severe equipment damage if not protected against.
1. Internal Causes a. Switching Surges b. Insulation Failure c. Arcing Ground d. Resonance
2. External Causes i.e Lightening
Internal & External Causes • Do not produce surge of large magnitude. Hardly increase system voltage to the twice the normal value. • Generally taken care by providing proper insulation to the equipments. •But surges due to lightening are very severe and may increase the system voltage several times the normal value. •May cause severe damage if equipment are not protected against lightening surges. 1. Internal Causes
• These are primarily due to oscillations set up
by the sudden change in circuit condition. • This circuit change be a normal switching operation such as opening of circuit breaker or it may be a fault condition such as grounding of a line conductor. • The normal system insulation are designed to withstand such surges. a. Switching Surges • Over-voltages produced in power system due to switching operation is known as switching surges. • With the increase in transmission voltages needed to fulfill the required increase in transmitted powers, switching surges have become the governing factor in the design of insulation for EHV and UHV systems. • In the meantime, lightning over-voltages come as a secondary factor in these networks. Switching Surges Fundamental reason for this shift in relative importance from lightning to switching surges as higher transmission voltages are called for: Over-voltages produced on transmission lines by lightning strokes are only slightly dependent on the power system voltages. As a result, their magnitudes relative to the system peak voltage decrease as the latter is increased. Origin of Switching Over-voltages 1. Energization of transmission lines and cables. a. Energization of a line that is open circuited at the far end b. Energization of a line that is terminated by an unloaded transformer c. Energization of a line through the low-voltage side of a transformer 2. Reenergization of a line. This means the energization of transmission line carrying charges trapped by previous line interruptions when high-speed reclosures are used. 3. Load rejection. This is affected by a circuit breaker opening at the far end of the line. This may also be followed by opening the line at the sending end in what is called a line dropping operation. 4. Switching on and off of equipment. All switching operations involving an element of the transmission network will produce a switching surge. • a. Switching of high-voltage reactors • b. Switching of transformers that are loaded by a reactor on their tertiary winding • c. Switching of a transformer at no load 5. Fault initiation and clearing. Some important switching operations which can lead to switching over-voltages b. Insulation Failure • Most common case of insulation failure in a power system is the grounding of conductors i.e insulation failure between line and earth. • Causes over-voltages in the system. c. Arcing Ground In early days of transmission the neutral of three phase transmission line was not earthed to gain two advantages: • In case of line to ground fault, the line is not put out of action. • Zero sequence current is eliminated resulting in decrease of interference with transmission line • Insulated neutrals gives no problem with short lines and comparatively lower voltages. • But when the line is long and operate at higher voltages, serious problem called arcing ground is often witnessed. • Arcing ground produces severe oscillations of three to four times the normal voltage. • The phenomenon of intermittent arc taking place in line to ground fault of a three phase system with consequent production of transients is known as arcing ground. • Transient produce due to arcing ground is cumulative may cause serious damage to the equipment in the power system by causing breakdown of insulation. • Arcing ground can be prevented by earthing the neutral. d. Resonance • Resonance in an electrical system occurs when inductive reactance of the circuit became equal to capacitive reactance. • Under resonance the impedance of circuit became equal to resistance of circuit and p.f. is unity. • Resonance causes high voltages in the power system. • In usual transmission line capacitance is very small so the resonance rarely occur at the supply frequency. • However if the generator emf wave is distorted the trouble of resonance may occur due to 5th or higher harmonics. 2. External Causes i.e Lightening
• An electric discharge between cloud and
earth, between clouds and between the charge centres of same cloud is known as lightening. • One of the major source of danger and damage to e.h.v. transmission lines. • Resulting in loss of transmission upto few hours to complete destruction of line. • Entails lot of expense to power utilities and consumers.