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Chapter 14
Lehninger
Principles of Biochemistry
5th edition
Glycolysis
p532
Phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK-1) – ATP & Mg++
– Essentially ___________ / first __________
step
• Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is targeted for
glycolysis.
- It is a major point of _________ in glycolysis.
- ATP & PEP __________ regulate PFK1
p526
Fructose 6-phosphate
p535
p536
Payoff Phase of Glycolysis
8. Conversion of 3-Phosphoglycerate to 2-Phosphoglycerate
Enolase (dehydratase)
- Freely reversible,
- Removes _____ from 2-Phosphoglycerate to yield ___.
-
PEP
PK is ____ reversible
Pyruvate
kinase
p538
Mg 2+ , K+
Products of Glycolysis?
• ________
• ________
• ________
What happens to these three products?
–
Anaerobic conditions produce _______ result.
Other carbohydrates:
1.Storage polysaccharides:
____________ & __________.
2. disaccharides:
3. monosaccharides:
Glycolytic _______________
may involve one or more specific
_______.
Feeder pathways for Glycolysis
1. Catabolism of Polysaccharides
Starch (______), and Glycogen (______) can be used
in the same _________.
•Intracellular
- transfer of glucose to Piby
___________
- glucose 1-phosphate released
1. Glycogen Phosphorylase :
catalyzes an attack by Pi on
the ____________ bond that
joins last two glucose
residues at the
_____________ end.
- glucose 1-phosphate
• Debranching enzyme
has 2 activities
– Transferase – moves
______ glucose units
from the _____ branch
to the ______ branch
– Glucosidase – releases a
free _______ by
hydrolyzing the
-1,6-glycosidic bond
Glycogen and Starch Detail
Glycogen
Phosphorylase
2. Phosphoglucomutase
Glucose 1-phosphate
Glucose ___-phosphate
1.hexokinase
- Same enzyme that acts
on glucose
2. phosphomannose
isomerase
Fig 14.9
(From Lactose)
Galactose catabolism
Three enzymes convert galactose to
_______________
1. Galactokinase
2. UDP-glucose: galactose 1-
phosphate uridylyltransferase
3. UDP-glucose 4-epimerase
Defect in any of the enzymes
is cause of __________________.
Problems in Galactose Metabolism
Infants lacking: hexose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
Enzyme: ___________
3 enzymes make glycolytic
metabolites
– ___________
– Fructose 1-Phosphate
Aldolase
– _____________
Catabolic fates of Pyruvate
First route:
Pyruvate _______.
Second route:
Reduction to lactate via lactic
acid ___________
Third route:
leads to formation of _______
via ethanol ______________
Fate of Pyruvate under Anaerobic Conditions
Lactate formation
favored (______ –G´)
______change in
NAD+ or NADH
Fate of Pyruvate under Anaerobic Conditions
Fermentation – 2 steps-
Ist step- Pyruvate decarboxylase requires Thiamin
pyrophosphate (TPP) (co-enzyme) and Mg2+
Summary
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
Storage of
carbohydrates
Biosynthesis of
carbohydrates
Glucogenic
molecules
Substrates of Gluconeogenesis
What is different?
start here
Reactions specific to Gluconeogenesis
1.First: Conversion of pyruvate to ____:
initiates gluconeogenesis.
A.Pyruvate carboxylase
catalyzes first converting
pyruvate to oxaloacetate.
Conversion of:
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
to
Fructose 6-P
Catalyzed by _________
- Irreversible hydrolysis of
C-1 phosphate
3rd specific reaction : Gluconeogenesis
catalyzed by Glucose 6-
phosphatase requires Mg2+
P 556
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- A __________for producing NADPH:
needed in synthesis of
• _________
• _________
2
-Provides a pool of ribose
5-phosphate for
synthesis of 3
•________.
1
Pentose Phosphate Pathway: Starting point
From Glycolysis: Phosphorylation of glucose
Hexokinase – ATP & Mg2+
- ___ reversible (under intracellular condition)
- Hexokinase is present in _______of all organisms.
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Pentose phosphate pathway
Oxidative Phase
1. Glucose 6-P dehydrogenase–
requires _______& Mg2+
Makes 6-phosphogluconolactone
and ________ (1st molecule)
Genetic defect causes disease?
Read. Common!
2. Lactonase– Mg2+
Makes 6-phosphogluconate
Pentose phosphate pathway
Oxidative Phase
Fig 14.21bottom
3. 6-Phosphogluconate
dehydrogenase :
Epimers?
Non-oxidative phase Recycles PP to G6P