FDP on Circuit Theory

Energy and Power

Presentation by
Mr.S.Rajeshbabu,M.E.,(Ph.D)
Assistant Professor
Department of EEE
Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology
 Energy
The scientific definition of energy is ‘the ability to do work’. Energy is in many
forms. The common forms of energy are:

Chemical - potential or stored energy stored in

chemicals, released when the chemicals react.

Electrical - energy of charged particles,

transferred when they travel from place to place.

Mechanical - energy possessed by an object because

of its motion or its potential to move.

Thermal - kinetic energy of a substance,

relative to the heat energy of the particles
 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
James Joule

Energy is neither created nor destroyed.

It doesn't appear and then disappear,
but is transformed from one form to another.
The total amount of energy in the universe
always remains constant."

No device is able to be 100% efficient in transforming energy.

Most often, the energy is lost, or dissipated as heat. Mechanical systems also
dissipate energy to their surroundings, but not as obvious as the heat loss.
Much of the dissipated energy is sound.
 ELECTRIC POWER
Power is the rate at which a device converts energy. The unit of power is the watt
(W), which is equal to 1 joule per second. For an electrical device the power is the
current multiplied by the voltage.

(P) Power in watts (I) current in amperes (V) voltage in volts

P=IxV I=P/V V=P/I

Shortcut _P_
IV

(E) Energy in joules (P) Power in watts (J/s) (t) time in seconds

E=Pxt P=E/t t=E/P

Shortcut _E_
Pt
Energy
The power rating of a device can be used to determine the amount of energy the
device uses. Multiply the power rating by the time the device is operating.
 MECHANICAL POWER

• Power in mechanical
systems is the combination
of forces and movement. In
particular, power is the
product of a force on an
object and the object's
velocity, or the product of a
torque on a shaft and the
shaft's angular velocity.
 ELECTRIC ENERGY
Kilowatt Hours is used as a unit for energy. The energy calculation is the same,
except that hours are substituted for seconds and kilowatts (kW) are substituted for
watts.

Electricity meters measure the energy used in kilowatt hours and then bills you for
every kilowatt hour used.
DC & AC SUPPLY
 Power Definition
Active power
A fraction of this total electrical power which
actually
does our useful work is called as active power.
It is
denoted as ‘P’.
P=V.I Cosɸ (Watts)
Reactive power
A fraction of power which is not converted in
to useful
form of work it is denoted as
Q=V.I.Sinɸ (VAR)
 POWER FACTOR
• Power factor comes into
picture in AC circuits
only. Mathematically it
is cosine of the phase
difference between
source voltage and
current. It refers to the
fraction of total power
(apparent power) which
is utilized to do the
useful work called active
power.
Mathematical Relations
 POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT
• To transfer a given amount of power at certain voltage, the
electrical current is inversely proportional to cosφ. Hence
higher the p.f lower will be the current flowing. A small
current flow requires less cross sectional area of conductor and
thus it saves conductor.
• Poor power factor increases the current flowing in conductor
and thus copper loss increases. Further large voltage drop
occurs in alternator, electrical transformer and transmission
and distribution lines which gives very poor voltage
regulation.
• KVA rating of machines is also reduced by having higher
power factor as,
Hence, the size and cost of machine also reduced. So, electrical
power factor should be maintained close to unity.
Three Phase System

Total power =
3 phase 3 wire system in transmission
not 3 phase 4 wire?
THREE PHASE SYSTEM
THANK YOU