Pemrograman Sistem Terbenam: Week 8 - Analog To Digital Converter (ADC)

Pemrograman Sistem Terbenam
Week 8 – Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
Modified from Woodin et. al.

08.10.2018
Indra Hardian Mulyadi
Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

indra@polibatam.ac.id Page 1
Background Information
• What is ADC?
• Conversion Process
• Accuracy
• Examples of ADC applications
Presenter: Craig Woodin

Signal Types
Analog Signals
• Any continuous signal that a
time varying variable of the
signal is a representation of
some other time varying
quantity
– Measures one quantity in
terms of some other quantity
– Examples
• Speedometer needle as
t
function of speed
• Radio volume as function
of knob movement

Signal Types
Digital Signals
• Consist of only two states
– Binary States
– On and off
• Computers can only
1
perform processing on
digitized signals

Analog-Digital Converter (ADC)
• An electronic integrated circuit which converts a signal
from analog (continuous) to digital (discrete) form
• Provides a link between the analog world of transducers
and the digital world of signal processing and data
handling

handling

handling

Value - 4
Value - 3
Value - 2
Value - 1

ADC Conversion Process
Two main steps of process

1. Sampling and Holding
2. Quantization and Encoding
Analog-to-Digital Converter
Quantizing
and
Encoding
Sampling and
Hold
t
Input: Analog Signal t

ADC Process
Sampling & Hold
• Measuring analog signals at

uniform time intervals
– Ideally twice as fast as what
we are sampling
Continuous Signal
• Digital system works with
discrete states
– Taking samples from each
location
• Reflects sampled and hold

signal t
– Digital approximation

ADC Process
Sampling & Hold

– Ideally twice as fast as what
we are sampling

discrete states
location
t
• Reflects sampled and hold signal

ADC Process
Sampling & Hold

– Ideally twice as fast as
what we are sampling

discrete states
– Taking a sample from each
location
t
signal

ADC Process
Sampling & Hold

– Ideally twice as fast as
what we are sampling

discrete states
location
t
signal

ADC Process
Quantizing Encoding
• Separating the input • Assigning a unique digital
signal into a discrete code to each state for
states with K increments input into the
• K=2N microprocessor
– N is the number of bits of
the ADC
• Analog quantization size
– Q=(Vmax-Vmin)/2N
– Q is the Resolution

ADC Process
Quantization & Coding
• Use original analog

signal

ADC Process
• Use original analog signal

• Apply 2 bit coding 11
10
01
00
K=22 00 01
10
11

ADC Process

signal 11
• Apply 2 bit coding
10
01
00
K=22 00 01
10
11

ADC Process

signal
K=23 000 001

010
011
100
101
110
Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC 111
ADC Process

signal
• Better representation of
input information with
additional bits
• MCS12 has max of 10
K=23 000 001K=16 0000 K=… .
bits 010 .
011
100 .
101
110
1111
111

ADC Process-Accuracy
The accuracy of an ADC can be improved by increasing:
Ts t
Sampling Rate, fs (Satuan: Sampling per Second / SPS)

• Based on number of steps required in the conversion process
• Increases the maximum frequency that can be measured

ADC Process-Accuracy
The accuracy of an ADC can be improved by increasing:
t
Resolution (bit depth), Q
• Improves accuracy in measuring amplitude of analog
signal.
• Example: Resolution 12-bit means 4095 of division
ADC-Error Possibilities
• Aliasing (sampling)
– Occurs when the input signal is changing much faster than
the sample rate
– Should follow the Nyquist Rule when sampling
• Answers question of what sample rate is required
• Use a sampling frequency at least twice as high as the
maximum frequency in the signal to avoid aliasing
• fsample>2*fsignal
• Quantization Error (resolution)
– Optimize resolution
– Dependent on ADC converter of microcontoller

ADC Applications
• ADC are used virtually everywhere where an analog
signal has to be processed, stored, or transported in
digital form
– Microphones
– Strain Gages
– Thermocouple
– Digital Multimeters

Cara Menghitung ADC
Diketahui:
- Resolusi 3 bit
- Tegangan referensi (Vref) = 5 Volt
- Tegangan input (VIN) = 1,2 Volt
Ditanyakan: Berapa nilai ADC nya (DIN)?
Jawab:

2,7 V ada di sini
Vref = 5
Maka DIN = 3
5,00
4,29
3,57
2,86
2,14
1,43
0,71
0,00

2,7 V ada di sini
DIN VIN
Maka DIN = 3
0 0,00
1 0,71
1
2 0,71
1,43
3 2,14
2 1,43
4 2,86
5
3 3,57
2,14
6 4,26
4
7 2,86
5,00 DIN adalah bilangan bulat positif
(unsigned integer)
5 3,57 N = resolusi ADC (dalam bit)
6 4,26
= 3,78
7 5,00 VRef

PR Rumah (Tugas Teori)
• Kerjakan soal di bawah ini dengan jawaban yang singkat pada kertas A4 putih.
Tuliskan Nama, NIM, Tanggal, dan “#TugasTeoriADC”. Kumpulkan maks. 16.10.2018
@17:00 (di meja 501).
1. Jelaskan proses internal yang dilakukan ADC untuk melakukan konversi dari analog
ke digital, serta jelaskan tiap langkah-langkah tersebut!
2. Berapa bit resolusi ADC pada STM32F407?
3. Berapa cycle waktu minimum untuk melakukan konversi pada ADC 8-bit
STM32F07?
4. Berapa volt tegangan input ADC maksimum yang diperbolehkan pada STM32F407?
5. Berapa volt tegangan input ADC minimum yang diperbolehkan pada STM32F407?
6. Berapa nilai ADC 10-bit jika tegangan input 0,8 V dan tegangan referensinya Vref =
3V?
7. Berapa tegangan input jika nilai ADC = 300 (ADC 12-bit) dan tegangan referensinya
menggunakan Vref 3 V?

Types of ADC
• Successive Approximation A/D Converter

• Flash A/D Converter
• Dual Slope A/D Converter
• Delta-Sigma A/D Converter

Fitur ADC pada STM32F4
• 16 channel: [15:0]
• 12-bit, 10-bit, 8-bit or 6-bit configurable resolution
• Single and continuous conversion modes
• Interrupt generation
• Scan mode for automatic conversion of channel 0 to
channel ‘n’
• ADC supply requirements: 2.4 V to 3.6 V at full speed
and down to 1.8 V at slower speed
• ADC input range: VREF– ≤ VIN ≤ VREF+ (VREF- VSS)

STM32F4-DISCOVERY

ADC Clock
1. Clock for the analog circuitry: APB2 clock divided by a
programmable prescaler that allows the ADC to work at
fPCLK2/2, /4, /6 or /8
2. Clock for the digital interface: APB2 clock

Mode
1. Single conversion mode: ADC does one conversion
2. Continuous conversion mode: ADC starts a new
conversion as soon as it finishes one
3. Scan mode: scan a group of analog channels
4. Discontinuous mode: convert a short sequence of n
conversions (n ≤ 8)

Alignment
1. Right alignment
2. Left alignment

Sampling Time
Resolusi Minimum_Cycle
12-bit 12
10-bit 10
6-bit 8
8-bit 6

Conversion on external trigger and trigger polarity


Pemrograman Sistem Terbenam: Week 8 - Analog To Digital Converter (ADC)

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Pemrograman Sistem Terbenam: Week 8 - Analog To Digital Converter (ADC)

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Pemrograman Sistem Terbenam

Week 8 – Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)

Modified from Woodin et. al.

Indra Hardian Mulyadi

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Presenter: Craig Woodin

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Two main steps of process

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

• Measuring analog signals at

• Reflects sampled and hold

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Sampling & Hold

• Measuring analog signals at

• Digital system works with

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Sampling & Hold

• Measuring analog signals at

• Digital system works with

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Sampling & Hold

• Measuring analog signals at

• Digital system works with

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Quantization & Coding

• Use original analog

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Quantization & Coding

• Use original analog signal

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Quantization & Coding

• Use original analog

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Quantization & Coding

• Use original analog

K=23 000 001

Quantization & Coding

• Use original analog

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

The accuracy of an ADC can be improved by increasing:

Sampling Rate, fs (Satuan: Sampling per Second / SPS)

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

The accuracy of an ADC can be improved by increasing:

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

• Successive Approximation A/D Converter

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC

Indra Hardian Mulyadi, ST., M.Eng ADC