Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Wolberg A. May 7, 2015. Venous thrombosis. Nature Reviews, Disease Primers. Volume 1
Epidemiologia
Di Nisio M. June 30, 2016. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The Lancet, Seminar.
Wolberg A. May 7, 2015. Venous thrombosis. Nature Reviews, Disease Primers. Volume 1
Fisiopatología
Wolberg A. May 7, 2015. Venous thrombosis. Nature Reviews, Disease Primers. Volume 1
Wolberg A. May 7, 2015. Venous thrombosis. Nature Reviews, Disease Primers. Volume 1
Factores de Riesgo
Di Nisio M. June 30, 2016. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The Lancet, Seminar.
Trombosis venosa profunda
Formación de trombo en territorio venoso profundo, en MMII, pelvis
y raro en MMSS
Mazzolai L. January 2017. Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document from the European society of cardiology working groups of
aorta and peripheral circulation and pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function. ESC current opinion.
Mouyis M. February 22, 2018. Deep vein thrombosis. BMJ, Practice
Epidemiologia
Mortalidad 2-5%
Mazzolai L. January 2017. Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document from the European society of cardiology working groups of
aorta and peripheral circulation and pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function. ESC current opinion.
Mouyis M. February 22, 2018. Deep vein thrombosis. BMJ, Practice
Anatomía
Sistema venoso profundo
Kearon C. September 2018. Clinical presentation and diagnosis of the nonpregnant adult with suspected deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremity. UpToDate
Presentación
• Distal (bajo rodilla)
• V. tibial anterior y posterior
• V. peronea
• Proximal
• V. Poplítea
• V. femoral
• V. Iliaca
• Flegmasia dolens: Trombosis mayoría venas de drenaje,
causa dolor y edema
• Flegmasia alba dolens: vasoconstricción arteriolar
cutánea con reducción del flujo capilar
• Flegmasia cerúlea dolens: isquemia tisular
Mazzolai L. January 2017. Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document
from the European society of cardiology working groups of aorta and peripheral circulation and pulmonary circulation
and right ventricular function. ESC current opinion.
Score Wells
• Probabilidad baja: 3%
• Probabilidad intermedia:
17%
• Probabilidad alta: 50-75%
Mazzolai L. January 2017. Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document
from the European society of cardiology working groups of aorta and peripheral circulation and pulmonary circulation
and right ventricular function. ESC current opinion.
Dímero D
• Producto de degradación
de la fibrina
• S>95%, E baja, VPN: 98%
• Valores de corte: 500
ng/ml, >50 años: 10 ng/ml
x edad
• Se utiliza en Wells baja
probabilidad, si es negativo
se descarta TVP
Kearon C. September 2018. Clinical presentation and diagnosis of the nonpregnant adult with suspected
deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremity. UpToDate
Eco Doppler de compresión
• Proximal: S y E >95%
• Distal: S 63,5%, E >95%
• Realizar en
• Probabilidad moderada, alta
• Probabilidad baja con DD +
• Criterios diagnósticos
• Sección venosa no compresible
• Visión directa del trombo
• Alteración del Doppler
Mouyis M. February 22, 2018. Deep vein thrombosis. BMJ, Practice
Algoritmo
diagnostico
Tritschler T. October 16, 2018. Venous Thromboembolism Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment. JAMA, Volume 320, Number 15
Diagnostico
diferencial
• Desgarro muscular
• Celulitis
• Tromboflebitis superficial
• Insuficiencia venosa
• Linfedema
• Quiste de Baker
• ICC
Wolberg A. May 7, 2015. Venous thrombosis. Nature Reviews, Disease Primers. Volume 1
Fase Inicial
• Heparinas (mínimo 5 días)
• HBPM (Clexane®) 1 mg/kg cada 12 horas VSC
• HNF: en TFG < 30 ml/min, IMC > 40 kg/m2, < 50 kg
• 80 U/kg (5000 U) bolo EV, luego BIC 18 U/kg/hora EV, titular después de 6
horas con TTPa 1,5-2,5 valor de referencia (60-90 seg)
• 80 U/kg (5000U) bolo EV, luego 250 U/kg/hora VSC, 6 horas después
titular
• ACO: iniciar con heparinas, 3er día INR (2-3), si INR > 2 por 2 días,
suspender Heparina
• Warfarina 10 mg
• Acenocumarol (Neo-Sintrom®) 6 mg
Tritschler T. October 16, 2018. Venous Thromboembolism Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment. JAMA, Volume 320, Number 15
Tratamiento
prolongado
Mazzolai L. January 2017. Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document
from the European society of cardiology working groups of aorta and peripheral circulation and pulmonary circulation
and right ventricular function. ESC current opinion.
Stachowiak A. 2017. Compendio Medicina basada en la evidencia 2017/2018. Empendium
Complicaciones
Mazzolai L. January 2017. Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document from the European society of cardiology working groups of aorta and peripheral
circulation and pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function. ESC current opinion.
Tromboembolismo Pulmonar (TEP)
Oclusión o estenosis de la arteria pulmonar o de alguna de
sus ramas por material embólico
Trombos (TVP), liquido amniótico, aire, grasa, neoplásico, cuerpos extraños
Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. ESC guidelines
Epidemiologia
Incidencia
62 casos cada 100000 hab/año
Hombre : Mujer
56 vs 48 casos cada 100.000 respectivamente
Mortalidad
EE.UU 100.000 al año
Europa 300.000 al año
Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. ESC guidelines
Fisiopatología
Alteraciones hemodinámicas
Obstrucción mecánica
Inflamación produce disfunción surfactante y atelectasia
Hipoxemia
Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. ESC guidelines
Huisman M. May 17, 2018. Pulmonary embolism. Nature Reviews, Disease Primers. Volume 4
Infarto Pulmonar
Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. ESC guidelines
Huisman M. May 17, 2018. Pulmonary embolism. Nature Reviews, Disease Primers. Volume 4
Clasificación de TEP
Agudo
Síntomas posterior a obstrucción de A. Pulmonar
Subagudo
Síntomas se presentan días o meses posterior a evento
primario
Crónico
Síntomas se desarrollan lentamente o crean HTP
Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. ESC guidelines
Huisman M. May 17, 2018. Pulmonary embolism. Nature Reviews, Disease Primers. Volume 4
Sospechar en:
Clínica
Disnea de aparición súbita o empeoramiento
de la basal
Presentación
TEP masivo
Inestabilidad hemodinámica
TEP submasivo
Hemodinámicamente estable, pero con
signos de disfunción VD
Taquicardia 24%
Taquipnea 54%
Crépitos 18%
Fiebre 3 %
Ingurgitación Yugular 14%
Soplo insuficiencia tricúspidea 15%
Hipotensión
Shock
Síntomas de TVP en 33%
Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. ESC guidelines
Agnelli G. July 15, 2010. Acute Pulmonary Embolism, NEJM
Diagnóstico
Score Wells
Score Ginebra
Dímero D
Angio TAC
Cintigrama V/Q
Complementarios
Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary
embolism. ESC guidelines
Agnelli G. July 15, 2010. Acute Pulmonary Embolism, NEJM
Score Wells
Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. ESC guidelines
Huisman M. May 17, 2018. Pulmonary embolism. Nature Reviews, Disease Primers. Volume 4
Score Ginebra
Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. ESC guidelines
Huisman M. May 17, 2018. Pulmonary embolism. Nature Reviews, Disease Primers. Volume 4
PERC
Utilizar solo en bajo riesgo de EP según
valoración pre-test
Freund Y. February 13, 2018. Effect of the Pulmonary Embolism Rule-Out Criteria on Subsequent Thromboembolic Events Among Low-Risk Emergency Department Patients. JAMA. Volume
319, Number 6
Penaloza A. December 2017. Pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria (PERC) rule in European patients with low implicit clinical probability (PERCEPIC): a multicentre, prospective,
observational study. The Lancet Articles
Dímero D
AngioTAC -
Score de Wells baja o mediana
probabilidad, VPN 96%
S. Wells alta probabilidad, VPN 60%
Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. ESC guidelines
Algoritmo diagnostico TEP no masivo
Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. ESC guidelines
Algoritmo diagnostico TEP masivo
Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. ESC guidelines
Cintigrama V/Q
Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. ESC guidelines
Laboratorio
GSA
• Normales 18%
• Hipoxemia 74%
• Gradiente A-a 62-86%
• Alcalosis respiratoria 41%
• Hipercapnia, ac. Respiratoria, ac.
Láctica asociado a TEP masivo
BNP y Troponinas
Útiles para establecer pronostico
Tritschler T. October 16, 2018. Venous Thromboembolism Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment. JAMA, Volume 320, Number 15
Radiografía de Tórax
Alteraciones no especificas,
valor diagnostico limitado
Arritmias auriculares
Bradi-Taquicardias
Nuevo BCRD
P pulmonar
Q pared inferior
Cambios ST-T pared inferior
Ondas T negativas en V1-V3
S1Q3T3
Estratificación de riesgo
Hipoquinesia y dilatación VD
Aplanamiento o movimiento paradojal
del septum
Regurgitación tricúspidea
HTP
Coagulo en VD
Signo de McConell
Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. ESC guidelines
Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. ESC guidelines
Disfunción VD
EKG
Arritmia auricular, BCRD, Q en DIII, aVF,
infra desnivel ST en I, II, V4-V6s
ETT
Dilatación VD
Hipoquinesia pared libre
HTP
AngioTAC
Dilatación VD
Elevación BNP
Tritschler T. October 16, 2018. Venous Thromboembolism Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment. JAMA, Volume 320, Number 15
Clasificación del riesgo según hallazos
Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. ESC guidelines
Tratamiento
Fase aguda
Estabilización: O2, Soporte ventilatorio
Soporte hemodinámico (evitar sobrecarga,
uso de DVA)
Trombólisis??
Anticoagulación
Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. ESC guidelines
Agnelli G. July 15, 2010. Acute Pulmonary Embolism, NEJM
Alto riesgo
Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. ESC guidelines
Agnelli G. July 15, 2010. Acute Pulmonary Embolism, NEJM
Contraindicaciones Trombólisis
Mercado M. 2013. Controversias en Tromboembolismo pulmonar masivo. Rev. Med. Chile, 141: 486-494
Anticoagulación
Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. ESC guidelines
Agnelli G. July 15, 2010. Acute Pulmonary Embolism, NEJM
Algoritmo
Diagnostico
Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. ESC guidelines
Anticoagulantes orales
AVK: F. II, VII, IX, X, Prot. C, S
Efecto en 3 – 5 días, monitorizar con INR
Si INR > 6, Vit. K 2,5-5 mg
Si sangrado activo: Complejo protombina, PFC 10-15
ml/kg
Warfarina ([] max 1,5 hrs, VM 36-42 hrs),
iniciar 10 y/o 5 mg
Acenocumarol 4 mg([] max. 2-3 hrs, VM 8-10
hrs), iniciar 6 mg y/o 4 mg
NOACs: F. Xa
Efecto en 2-4 hrs, no necesitan monitorización
Rivaroxaban 10 mg
Apixaban 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 2 veces al día
Stachowiak A. 2017. Compendio Medicina basada en la evidencia 2017/2018. Empendium
Heparinas
HNF: F. Xa y ATIII
Controlar con TTPa
HBPM: F. Xa
Fondaparinux: ATIII
Sulfato de Protamina: 1 mg
por c/ 100 U anti Xa
1. Tritschler T. October 16, 2018. Venous Thromboembolism Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment. JAMA, Volume 320, Number 15
2. Freund Y. February 13, 2018. Effect of the Pulmonary Embolism Rule-Out Criteria on Subsequent Thromboembolic Events Among Low-Risk Emergency
Department Patients. JAMA. Volume 319, Number 6
3. Penaloza A. December 2017. Pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria (PERC) rule in European patients with low implicit clinical probability (PERCEPIC): a
multicentre, prospective, observational study. The Lancet Articles
4. Wolberg A. May 7, 2015. Venous thrombosis. Nature Reviews, Disease Primers. Volume 1
5. Di Nisio M. June 30, 2016. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The Lancet, Seminar.
6. Konstantinides S. August 29, 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. ESC guidelines
7. Agnelli G. July 15, 2010. Acute Pulmonary Embolism, NEJM
8. Mazzolai L. January 2017. Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document from the European society of cardiology
working groups of aorta and peripheral circulation and pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function. ESC current opinion.
9. Mouyis M. February 22, 2018. Deep vein thrombosis. BMJ, Practice
10. Huisman M. May 17, 2018. Pulmonary embolism. Nature Reviews, Disease Primers. Volume 4
11. Mercado M. 2013. Controversias en Tromboembolismo pulmonar masivo. Rev. Med. Chile, 141: 486-494
12. Taylor B. September 2018. Overview of acute pulmonary embolism. UpToDate
13. Kearon C. September 2018. Clinical presentation and diagnosis of the nonpregnant adult with suspected deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremity. UpToDate
14. Gregory Y. September 2018. Overview of the treatment of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT). UpToDate
15. Stachowiak A. 2017. Compendio Medicina basada en la evidencia 2017/2018. Empendium
Tritschler T. October 16, 2018. Venous Thromboembolism Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment. JAMA, Volume 320, Number 15
Tritschler T. October 16, 2018. Venous Thromboembolism Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment. JAMA, Volume 320, Number 15