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Stator of IM
10/23/2018 Dr. Vivek Pandya, AP,SOT,PDPU. 3
Construction
- a revolving rotor
• composed of punched laminations, stacked to create a series of rotor
slots, providing space for the rotor winding
• one of two types of rotor windings
• conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire (wound-rotor) »
similar to the winding on the stator
• aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by two aluminum rings,
forming a squirrel-cage shaped circuit (squirrel-cage)
Two basic design types depending on the rotor design
- squirrel-cage: conducting bars laid into slots and shorted at both
ends by shorting rings.
- wound-rotor: complete set of three-phase windings exactly as the
stator. Usually Y-connected, the ends of the three rotor wires are
connected to 3 slip rings on the rotor shaft. In this way, the rotor
circuit is accessible.
10/23/2018 Dr. Vivek Pandya, AP,SOT,PDPU. 4
Construction
Squirrel cage rotor
Wound rotor
Notice the
slip rings
Cutaway in a
typical wound-
rotor IM.
Notice the
brushes and the
slip rings
Brushes
10/23/2018 Dr. Vivek Pandya, AP,SOT,PDPU. 6
Rotating Magnetic Field
Balanced three phase windings, i.e.
mechanically displaced 120 degrees
form each other, fed by balanced
three phase source
A rotating magnetic field with
constant magnitude is produced,
rotating with a speed
120 f e
nsync rpm
P
Where fe is the supply frequency and
P is the no. of poles and nsync is called
the synchronous speed in rpm
(revolutions per minute)
10/23/2018 Dr. Vivek Pandya, AP,SOT,PDPU. 7
Synchronous speed
P 50 Hz 60 Hz
2 3000 3600
4 1500 1800
6 1000 1200
8 750 900
10 600 720
12 500 600
BM sin(t )xˆ
3
[0.5BM sin(t 120)]xˆ [ BM sin(t 120)]yˆ
2
3
[0.5BM sin(t 240)]xˆ [ BM sin(t 240)]yˆ
2
ind kBR Bs
Where ind is the induced torque and BR and BS are the magnetic
flux densities of the rotor and the stator respectively
10/23/2018 Dr. Vivek Pandya, AP,SOT,PDPU. 14
Induction motor speed
At what speed will the IM run?
- Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
- If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the
same speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the rotor
will appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and
the rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor. So, no
induced current will flow in the rotor and no rotor
magnetic flux will be produced so no torque is
generated and the rotor speed will fall below the
synchronous speed
- When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will
cut the rotor windings and a torque is produced
10/23/2018 Dr. Vivek Pandya, AP,SOT,PDPU. 15
Induction motor speed
So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than
the synchronous speed
The difference between the motor speed and the
synchronous speed is called the Slip
nslip nsync nm
Where nslip= slip speed
nsync= speed of the magnetic field
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor
P (ns nm )
fr
120
P sns
sf e
120
10/23/2018 Dr. Vivek Pandya, AP,SOT,PDPU. 19
Frequency
What would be the frequency of the rotor’s induced
voltage at any speed nm?
fr s fe
When the rotor is blocked (s=1) , the frequency of
the induced voltage is equal to the supply frequency
On the other hand, if the rotor runs at synchronous
speed (s = 0), the frequency will be zero
load
Pout 2 nm
N .m and m rad / s
m 60
hp 746 watts
2. nm (1 s)ns
(1 0.05) 1800 1710 rpm
PRCL 3I 22 R2
Pconv PAG PRCL
Pconv
Pout Pconv ( Pf w Pstray ) ind
m
Resistance
Actual rotor
equivalent to
resistance
mechanical load
10/23/2018 Dr. Vivek Pandya, AP,SOT,PDPU. 35
Power relations
PRCL
s
PAG : PRCL : Pconv
1 : s : 1-s
Pout
4. 100%
Pin
37.3
100 88%
42.4
jX M XM
VTH V | VTH || V |
R1 j ( X 1 X M ) R12 ( X 1 X M ) 2
RTH jX TH ( R1 jX1 ) // jX M
10/23/2018 Dr. Vivek Pandya, AP,SOT,PDPU. 46
Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem
Since XM>>X1 and XM>>R1
XM
VTH V
X1 X M
2
XM
RTH R1
X1 X M
X TH X 1
TH
R ( X TH X 2 ) 2
s
Then the power converted to mechanical (Pconv)
R2 (1 s )
Pconv 3I 2
2
s
And the internal mechanical torque (Tconv)
R22
Pconv Pconv 3I 2 PAG
ind s
m (1 s )s s s
10/23/2018 Dr. Vivek Pandya, AP,SOT,PDPU. 48
Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem
2
3 VTH R2
ind s
s
2
R R2 ( X X ) 2
TH s TH 2
R2
2
3V TH
ind
1 s
s R2
2
RTH ( X TH X 2 )2
s
R2
RTH
2
( X TH X 2 )2
sTmax
R2
sTmax
2
RTH ( X TH X 2 ) 2
1 3VTH2
max
2s RTH RTH
2
( X X ) 2
TH 2
2. no Pf W given
assume Pconv Pload and ind load
Pconv 15 103
ind 48.6 N.m
m 2
2950
60
4. Pconv ind m
2
(2 48.6) (2900 ) 29.5 kW
60
2
XM
RTH R1
X1 X M
2
26.3
(0.641) 0.590
1.106 26.3
X TH X1 1.106
10/23/2018 Dr. Vivek Pandya, AP,SOT,PDPU. 62
Solution
R2
1. sTmax 2
RTH ( X TH X 2 ) 2
0.332
0.198
(0.590) (1.106 0.464)
2 2
1 3VTH2
max
2s R R 2 ( X X )2
TH TH TH 2
3 (255.2)2
2
2 (1800 )[0.590 (0.590)2 (1.106 0.464)2 ]
60
229 N.m
TH
R ( X TH X 2 ) 2
s s 1
3VTH2 R2
s [ RTH R2 ( X TH X 2 ) 2 ]
2
3 (255.2) 2 (0.332)
2
1800 [(0.590 0.332) 2 (1.106 0.464) 2 ]
60
104 N.m
10/23/2018 Dr. Vivek Pandya, AP,SOT,PDPU. 65
Solution
3. If the rotor resistance is doubled, then the slip at
maximum torque doubles too
R2
sTmax 0.396
2
RTH ( X TH X 2 ) 2
R2 (1 s) R 2 (1 s)
R2 & X2
s s
The equivalent circuit reduces to…
V
Z eq X1 X M
I1,nl
Z LR cos j Z LR sin
RLR R1 R2
'
X LR X 1' X 2'
Where X’1 and X’2 are the stator and rotor reactances at
the test frequency respectively
R2 RLR R1
f rated '
X LR X LR X 1 X 2
ftest
10/23/2018 Dr. Vivek Pandya, AP,SOT,PDPU. 78
Blocked-rotor test
X1 and X2 as function of XLR
Rotor Design X1 X2
DC Test:
VDC = 13.6 V IDC = 28.0 A
No-load Test:
Vl = 208 V f = 60 Hz
I = 8.17 A Pin = 420 W
Locked-rotor Test:
Vl = 25 V f = 15 Hz
I = 27.9 A Pin = 920 W