Structural Analysis-I

Subject Code : CE 6501

Department : Civil Engineering
INDETERMINATE FRAMES

Degree of static and kinematic indeterminancies for

plane frames – analysis of indeterminate pin jointed
frames – rigid frames (degree of statical indeterminancy
upto two) – energy and consistent deformation methods
 Structural Analysis
Structure -

• Framed structures – truss, frame, beam, grid – combination of linear aial

members
• Plates, shells, planar elements – 2d structures
• Soil mass, rock foundation – 3d bodies

Objectives of Structural Analysis – determination of

• Displacements at specific points on the structure
• Internal forces (shear force, axial force, bending moment, twisting moment)
in the members of the structure on the basis of
• Given shape of the structure
• Material properties of the member
• Applied loads
 Structural Analysis
Basic Assumptions -

• Material is isotropic and homogeneous

• Material obeys Hooke’s law
• All deformations are small. No effect on geometry due to loads
• Buckling aspects are neglected
• The structure is in equilibrium
• Loads are applied gradually and no kinetic energy is imparted.
• Principle of linear superposition is valid.
 Structural Analysis
General Methods of Analysis -

• Force Method
• Redundant forces are treated as unknowns
• Internal forces are expressed in terms of these redundants and the
external loads
• Deformations of the element are expressed in terms of redundants and
external loads by making use of stress strain relation
• Applying compatibility conditions, a series of linear simultaneous
equations are set up which yield the unknown redundants.
• The internal forces in various elements and deformations can then be
calculated.
• Examples
• Flexibility method/ method of consistent deformation
• Strain energy method
• Column analogy method
• Three moment equation
 Structural Analysis
General Methods of Analysis -

• Displacement Method
• Displacements of the joints that are necessary to describe the deformed
state of the structure are first imposed
• The deformations

• Examples
• Flexibility method/ method of consistent deformation
• Strain energy method
• Column analogy method
• Three moment equation
 Energy methods to find the
deflection of beam and frames

• Strain energy method/Real load method

• Virtual work /Unit load method
• Castigliano’s method
 Strain Energy method
• Strain energy due to bending is

Using the above relation deflection can be calculated

 Virtual work/unit load method
The principle of virtual work is based on the conservation of energy for
a structure, which implies that work done on a structure by external
loads is equal to the internal energy stored in the structures.

Ue = Ui

In general ,
Work of External load= Work of Internal forces
∑P∆ = ∑Fδ

Where ∆ = External displacement will occur at the ‘P’ Load.

δ = Internal displacement will occur at the ‘F’ Load.
Castigliano’s method
Trusses
Trusses are triangular frame works in which the members
are subjected to essentially axial forces due to externally applied load.

Types of Trusses

(a)Plane Truss

(b)Space Truss
 Pin jointed Trusses
1. Frames are stable/perfect and imperfect
Perfect frame are m=2j-3(m= no of members, j= no of joints)
Deficient frame are m< (2j-3)
Redundant frame are m>(2j-3)
2. Methods to analysis the trusses are
Method of joints,
Method of sections,
Tension coefficient method and
Graphical method.
3. Assumptions made in the analysis of plane truss are
➢ Truss members are connected by smooth pins.
➢ All loadings is applied at the joints of the truss.

4. Condition of equilibrium for the stable/determinate structures

∑V = 0
∑H= 0
∑M= 0
 Determinate Structures
(No of Unknown =No of Equilibrium Equation)
 Indeterminate Structures
(No of Unknown is not equal to No of Equilibrium Equation)
Degree of redundancy :(No of unknown – No of
equilibrium equations)

DOR=4–3=1

DOR=4–3=1

DOR=5–3=2

DOR=6–3=3
Principle of virtual works
This method is otherwise known as unit-load method.
Virtual work means the work done by a real force acting through a virtual
displacement or a virtual force acting through a real displacement.
The principle of virtual work is based on the conservation of energy for a
structure, which implies that work done on a structure by external loads is equal
to the internal energy stored in the structures.

Ue = Ui

In general ,
Work of External load= Work of Internal forces
∑P∆ = ∑Fδ

Where ∆ = External displacement will occur at the ‘P’ Load.

δ = Internal displacement will occur at the ‘F’Load.
Methods of Virtual forces
This method is used to determine the displacement carried in simple pin jointed
frames / trusses.
For example:
Suppose we want to find the vertical displacement at joint ‘ C’
Step: 1 Analysis the given truss by using method of joints having real forces.
Forces in the member are {F} deflection here are {δ}
Step: 2 Now apply only a unit forces at ‘C’in the direction of the desired
deflection ‘∆’. Find the member forces {k}.
Step: 3 Apply energy equation
∆ =∑KFL/AE
Where ‘∆’- deflection at ‘C’caused by ‘W’
‘k’ – internal forces due to unit load
‘F’ – internal forces due to real load
‘L’– Length of the member
‘A’ – Cross-sectional area of the member
‘E’ – Young’s modulus of the members

15
Deflection of Pin joined plane frames –Procedure for analysis

Virtual Force (k) -

Remove all the real load, place the unit load on the truss at the
joint and in the direction of the desired displacement . Use method
of joint to find the member forces.
Real Forces (F) –
These forces are caused only by the real forces acting on the
trusses. Use method of joint to find the member forces.
Virtual work Equation –
Apply the equation of virtual work to determine the desired
displacement.

∆ =∑KFL/AE
 Tutorial –I Problem -1
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown in figure. The cross sectional area of
each member is A=400mm2 and E=2 x 105 N/mm2.

Step -(1) Virtual Forces (k) – Determination of virtual forces.

Take moment about A

-Vd x 9 +1×6 = 0
Vd = 6/9 = 2/3 kN
∑V = 0
Va + Vd = 1
Va = 1/3 kN
Joint A ∑V = 0
FAFsin 45˚ = 50
FAF = 70.71KN(Compression)
∑H= 0
70.71 cos 45˚ - FFB= 0
FFB = 50kN(Tension)

Joint F
∑V = 0
FAF sin45˚ - FFB = 0
FFB= 50KN(Tension)
∑H= 0
- FFE-+ FAFcos45˚ =0
FFE = 50kN(Compression)

Joint B

∑V = 0
FBF- 50 + FBE sin45˚ =0
FBE=0
∑H= 0
FBEcos45˚ - 50 + FBC=0
FBC=50KN (Tension)
Joint C

∑V = 0
FCE=50kN(tension)
∑H= 0
Fcd=50kN(tension)

Joint D

∑V = 0
50 – FDEsin45˚ =0
FDE =70.71kN(compression)
 Tutorial –I Problem -1
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown in figure. The cross sectional area of
each member is A=400mm2 and E=2 x 105 N/mm2.

Step -(1) Virtual Forces (k) – Determination of virtual forces.

Take moment about A

-Vd x 9 +1×6 = 0
Vd = 6/9 = 2/3 kN
∑V = 0
Va + Vd = 1
Va = 1/3 kN
Joint A

∑V = 0
1/3 – k AF sin 45˚ = 0
kAF = 0.471 kN(compression)
∑H = 0
kAB-kAFcos 45˚ = 0
kAB = 0.471 x cos45 = 0.333kN(tension)

Joint F ∑V = 0
0.471sin 45˚ = kFB
kFB = 0.333(tension)
∑H= 0
0.471 cos 45˚ - kFE = 0
kFE = 0.333kN(compression)

Joint B
∑V = 0
0.333-kBE sin45˚ = 0
kBE = 0.471(compression)
∑H= 0
kBC-0.333 – kBEcos45˚ =0
kBC = 0.666kN(tension)
Step -(3) Apply virtual work Equation

Therefore
(∆c)v = ∑KFL / AE = (923.582 X 106 )/ (400 X 2 X 105) =11.54mm
Vertical Displacement of joint C= 11.54mm(downward)
Tutorial 1 – Problem 3
In the truss shown fig. 3 no load acts. The
member AB is 4mm too short. The cross
sectional area of each member is A=300mm2 &
E=200GPa. Determine the vertical displacement
of joint C.

23
Step-1 Determination of virtual forces(k)

Due to symmetry reactions at A and B are 1/2

Joint A
∑V = 0
1/2 – k AC sin = 0=0
kAC= 0.625 kN(compression)
∑H = 0
kAB-kACcos = 0=0
kAB = 0.471 x cos53˚08= 0
KAB = 0.375KN(Tension)
Joint B
∑V = 0
1/2 – Kbc sin 53 ˚08 =0
kBC =0.625kN(compression)

The member AB undergoes a deformation ΔL = 0.004m

Step-2 Virtual Work equation

1x ∆ =∑KFL/AE
1 x ∆ = KAB ∆L where ∆L =FL/AE
1 x ∆cv = (0.375) x (-0.004)
Δcv = - 1.5mm
The negative sign indicates that joints C is displacede upwards (ie)
opposite to the 1KN Vertical load.
Δcv = - 1.5mm( )
Tutorial-1 Problem-4
Determine the vertical displacement of joint A of the steel
truss shown in fig.4. The member BE is subjected to an
increase in temp. of 70°C. Take coefficient of linear
expansion as 0.00012per °C and E=2 x 105 N/mm2 .The
cross sectional area of each member is 1250mm2.
Step – 1 Determination of virtual forces(k)
Joint A

∑V = 0
k AB sin 45˚ - 1 = 0
kAB = 1.414kN(Tension)
∑H = 0
kAE-1.414cos 45˚ =0
kAE = 1 KN ( Compression)
Joint E ∑H = 0
k EA = 1KN
kED= 1kN(COMPRESSION

∑V= 0
KEB = 0

Joint B ∑V = 0
k BD sin 45˚ - 1.414 sin 45 ˚ = 0
KBD= 1.414kN(Compression)
∑H = 0
kBDcos 45˚ +kABcos 45˚ = kBC
kBC = 2 KN ( Tension)
Step -2 Determination of Real forces (F)

Since one force 40kN is acting at A. The value of F will be 40

times the value obtained for unit load.

• FAB = 1.414 X 40 = 56.56 kN(tension)

• FAE = 1 X 40 = 40kN(Compression)
• FEB = 0
• FED = 1 X 40 = 40kN(Compression)
• FBC = 2 X 40 = 80kN(Tension)
• FBD = 1.414 X 40 =56.56kN(Compression)
Step – 3 Virtual work equation

1. ΔA V = ∑KFL/AE +∑K AB α ΔT L
= ( 1396.68 / 1250 X 10-6 X 2 X 108 ) + 0
= 5.59 X 10-3m
= 5.59 mm
ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE TRUSSES USING
FORCE METHOD / COMPATIBILITY METHOD /
CONSISTENT DEFORMATION METHOD / FLEXIBILITY
MATRIX METHOD AND MAXWELL METHOD
Step 1 :Find the degree of indeterminancy m  2 j 3
I  m  (2 j  r )
Step 2 : Choose the redundant forces (members) and obtain the released or
basic determinate structure with “T” as the unknown
Step 3: Draw real force and unit force diagrams
Step 4 : Find P forces and k forces
Step 5 : Use Maxwell’s formula to find unkown T
P = real forces
Pkl
k = virtual forces  AE
l = length of the member T 
 k 2
l  lo
A = area of the redundant member
0
   
0l = length of the redundant member  AE  Ao E
Aliter : Using energy principles
MAXWELL METHOD

15 kN C
B

2.5 m

A D

2.5 m E 2.5 m
15 kN C
B

2.5 m

A D

2.5 m E 2.5 m
 A Final force
Member F (kN) K (kN) L (m) Fkl k 2l
(sq.mm) F+kT (kN)

AB 0 2.5 1200
BC -15 2.5 1200
CD -10.61 3.54 1200
DE 7.5 2.5 1200
EA 7.5 2.5 1200
CE 0 2.5 1200
AC 10.61 3.54 1200
 C
B
1

2.5 m

1 D
A
2.5 m E 2.5 m
 A Final force
Member F (kN) K (kN) L (m) Fkl k 2l
(sq.mm) F+kT (kN)

AB 0 -0.707 2.5 1200

BC -15 -0.707 2.5 1200
CD -10.61 0 3.54 1200
DE 7.5 0 2.5 1200
EA 7.5 -0.707 2.5 1200
CE 0 -0.707 2.5 1200
AC 10.61 1.0 3.54 1200
 A Final force
Member F (kN) K (kN) L (m) Fkl k 2l
(sq.mm) F+kT (kN)

AB 0 -0.707 2.5 1200 0 1.77

BC -15 -0.707 2.5 1200 26.51 1.77
CD -10.61 0 3.54 1200 0 0
DE 7.5 0 2.5 1200 0 0
EA 7.5 -0.707 2.5 1200 -13.26 1.77
CE 0 -0.707 2.5 1200 0 1.77
AC 10.61 1.0 3.54 1200 37.54 3.54
 A Final force
Member F (kN) K (kN) L (m) Fkl k 2l
(sq.mm) F+kT (kN)

AB 0 -0.707 2.5 1200 0 1.77 2.54

BC -15 -0.707 2.5 1200 26.51 1.77 -12.46
CD -10.61 0 3.54 1200 0 0 -10.61
DE 7.5 0 2.5 1200 0 0 0.5
EA 7.5 -0.707 2.5 1200 -13.26 1.77 10.04
CE 0 -0.707 2.5 1200 0 1.77 2.54
AC 10.61 1.0 3.54 1200 37.54 3.54 7.02
10kN A B

3m

C D
4m
ENERGY METHOD

10kN A B

3m

C D
4m
Member Length (m) P P P
P L
T T
AB 4 -0.8T -0.8 2.56T
BC 3 -0.6T -0.6 1.08T

CD 4 10-0.8T -0.8 -32 + 2.56T

AC 3 7.5-0.6T -0.6 -13.5 + 1.08T

AD 5 T-12.5 1 -62.5 + 5T
BC 5 T 1 5T

Sum -108 + 17.28T

U P L
 P 0
T T AE

T  6.25kN
Determine the deflection of the Beams and Rigid Plane Frames

To find the deflection

where ∆ = External displacement of the point.

m = Internal virtual moment due to unit load
M = Internal virtual moment due to Real load
E = Young s Modulus
I = Moment of inertia
 Tutorial -1 Problem - 6Using the method of virtual work,
determine the slope at point C of the beam shown in fig.6.
Take E=2 x 105 N/mm2 and I=75 x106 mm4.

Step -1 Virtual moment –

Remove the real load at apply unit couple at C to find slope at C

At x1 ,m1=0
At x2 , m2 = 1kNm
Step-2 Real Moments (M)
At x1, M1 = -40 x1
At x2 , M2 = -40 (3+x2)

Step-3 Virtual Work equation

Answer = - 0.036 radians

Tutorial 1 Problem 7
Using the method of virtual work,
determine the vertical deflection under the
load point for the beam shown in fig.7.
Take EI is constant.
Step – 1 Virtual moments ‘m’

Span AC, at x1, m1 = ½ x1

Span BC, at x2, m2 = ½ (L / 2 + x2) - x2

Step – 3 Virtual Work Equation

= WL3/ 48EI
ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE BEAMS USING
FORCE METHOD / COMPATIBILITY METHOD /
CONSISTENT DEFORMATION METHOD /
FLEXIBILITY MATRIX METHOD
Step 1 :Find the degree of indeterminancy
Step 2 : Choose the redundant forces and obtain the released or basic
determinate structure
Step 3: Draw M , m1, m2 diagram
Step 4 : Find P forces
    L   P 
   Final displacements (known values or zero)
 L  Displacements due to given loading in released or BDS structure
   deflection at i due to unit force at j  flexibility element
P   redundant forces that are to be found
Step 5 : Draw the SFD and BMD
Determine the reactions and draw SFD and BMD

20kN 35kN 40kN

2m 2m 2m
C E
A G
B D F
5m 4m 6m
Step 1 :Find the degree of indeterminancy
DSI = 2

Step 2 : Choose the redundant forces and obtain the released or basic
determinate structure
Vc and Ve

20kN 35kN 40kN

2m 2m 2m
C E
A
B D F
5m 4m 6m
Step 3 :Draw M, m1 and m2 diagrams
20kN 35kN 40kN

2m 2m 2m
C E
A
B D F
5m 4m 6m
1kN
2m
E
A
B D F

1kN
C
A
B D F
5m 4m 6m
Step 4 : Find the redundant forces
20kN 35kN 40kN

C E
A
B C D E F G
1kN
C E
A
B  CC D  EC F
G
1kN
C E
A
B  CE D  EE F
Consistent Deformation Equations
VC CC  VE CE   C  0
VC EC  VE EE   E  0
 CC  CE  VC   C  0
    V       0 
 EC EE   E   E  
 P    0
 VC and VE  unknowns
m1m1 m2 m2
 CC  dx  EE  dx
EI EI
m1m2
 CE   EC  dx
EI
Mm1
C   dx
EI
Mm2
E   dx
EI
 M m1 m2

AB A 0-2 41.33 x 0.4 x

0.67 x

BC A 2-5 41.33 x  20( x  2) 0.4 x

0.67 x
 41.33 x  20 x  40
CD A 5-7 41.33 x  20( x  2)
0.67 x  1( x  5) 0.4 x
 41.33 x  20 x  40
DE G 6-8 53.67 x  40( x  2) 0.6 x  1( x  6)
0.33 x
 53.67 x  40 x  80
EF G 2-6 53.67 x  40( x  2) 0.6 x
0.33 x
 53.67 x  40 x  80
FG G 0-2 53.67 x 0.6 x
0.33 x
 Mm1
C   dx
EI
2 5

     
2 2 2
( 27. 69 x ) dx ( 27 .69 x 13 .4 x 26 .8 x ) dx 
0 2 
7 
  (27.69 x  41.33x  206.65 x  13.4 x  20 x  100 x  26.8 x  40 x  200)dx  
2 2 2 2

1 5 
C   
EI  8 6

 2
(17 .71 x 2
 13 .2 x 2
 26.4 x ) dx  (17 .71 x 2
 13 .2 x 2
 26.4 x ) dx 

 6

 2

  (17.71x )dx
2

0 
3519.29
C  mm
EI
 Mm2
E   dx
EI
2 5

     
2 2 2
(16. 53 x ) dx (16 .53 x 8 x 16 x ) dx 
0 2 
7 
  (16.53x  8 x  16 x)dx 
2 2

5 
8 
1  
EI  6
E  (32 .2 x 2
 53 .67 x 2
 322 .02 x  24 x 2
 40 x 2
 240 x  48 x  80 x  480) dx 

 
 6

  (32.2 x  24 x  48 x)dx 
2 2

2 
2 
  (32.2 x )dx
2

 0 E 
3899.83
mm 
EI
 m1m1
 CC  dx
EI
1  5 8 7

 CC    (0.45 x )dx   (0.11x )dx   (0.11x  25  3.3x)dx 
2 2 2

EI  0 0 5 
55.8
 CC  mm
EI
m2 m2
 EE   dx
EI
1  
7 6 8
 EE    (0.16 x )dx   (0.36 x )dx   (0.16 x  36  4.8 x)dx 
2 2 2

EI  0 0 6 
64.8
 EE  mm
EI
 m1m2
 EC   CE  dx
EI

5 6 7

  (0.268 x )dx   (0.198 x )dx   (0.132 x  2 x)dx 
2 2 2

1 0 
 CE   EC 
0 5

EI  8 
  (0.132 x 2  6.33x)dx 
 6 

54.526
 CE   EC  mm
EI
Consistent Deformation Equations
VC CC  VE CE   C  0
VC EC  VE EE   E  0
 CC  CE  VC   C  0
      
 EC  EE  VE   E  0
 P    0

VC   23.97
V     40.01 kN
 E  
Step 5 : SFD and BMD

20kN 35kN 40kN

2m 2m 2m
C E
A
B D F
9.2kN 5m 23.97kN 4m 40.01kN 6m 21.75kN

21.75kN
10.73kN 21.75kN
C E
A
B 9.27kN D13.24kN F
18.25kN

kNm
kNm kNm
C E
A
B kNm DkNm F
kNm
Determine the reactions for the continuous beam.
Flexural rigidity is constant throughout.

60kN
20kN/m
4m
B C
A
D
6m 6m
Step 1 :Find the degree of indeterminancy
DSI = 2m+r-2j = 2

Step 2 : Choose the redundant forces and obtain the released or basic
determinate structure
Vb and Vc
60kN
20kN/m
4m
B C
A
D
6m 6m
Step 3 :Draw M, m1 and m2 diagrams
60kN
20kN/m
4m
B C
A
D
6m 6m
1kN

B C
A
D
6m 6m 1kN

B C
A
D
6m 6m
 M m1 m2

BC C 0-6  10x 2 x
0

BD C 6-8 x
 (20)(6)( x  3)  1( x  6)

AD C 8-12  ( 20)(6)( x  3)  0.67 x  1( x  5) 0.4 x

(60)( x  8)
 VB and VC  unknowns
m1m1 72 m2 m2 576
 BB  dx   CC   dx 
EI EI EI EI
m1m2 180
 BC   CB  dx 
EI EI
Mm1 17360
B   dx 
EI EI
Mm2 49400
C   dx 
EI EI
Consistent Deformation Equations
VB BB  VC BC   B  0
VB CB  VC CC   C  0
 BB  BC  VB    B  0
      
 CB  CC  VC   C  0
 P    0
VB   122.06
V     47.62  kN
 C  
Using equilibrium conditions on the problem diagram,
R A  10.032kN
M A  16.2kNm
Tutorial – 1 Problem 8
A simply supported beam of span 6m is
subjected to a concentrated load of 45KN
at 2m from the left support. Calculate the
deflection under the load point. Take 200 x
106KN/m2, I=14 x10-6 m4.

Answer = 57.1mm
Tutorial 1-Problem 9

Using the principle of virtual work, determine the horizontal

displacement of support D of the frame shown in fig.8. The
values of I are indicated along the members E =200 x
106KN/m2 and I=300 x10-6 m4.
 Step – 1 Virtual moments ‘m’

At x 1 , m1 = 1 x1 ( 0 to 2)
m2 = 1(2 + x2) ( 0 to 2)
m3 = 1(x3) ( 0 to 4)
m4 = 1(x4) (0 to 5)

Step – 2 Real Moments ‘M’

M1 = 50X1
M2 = 50(2 + X2) – 50X2
M3 = 0
M4 = 20X4
Step – 3 Virtual Work Equation

19.16mm
ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE RIGID FRAMES
USING FORCE METHOD / COMPATIBILITY METHOD
/ CONSISTENT DEFORMATION METHOD /
FLEXIBILITY MATRIX METHOD
Step 1 :Find the degree of indeterminancy
3m+r-3j
Step 2 : Choose the redundant forces and obtain the released or basic
determinate structure
Step 3: Draw M , m1, m2 diagram
Step 4 : Find P forces
    L   P 
   Final displacements (known values or zero)
 L  Displacements due to given loading in released or BDS structure
   deflection at i due to unit force at j  flexibility element
P   redundant forces that are to be found
Step 5 : Draw the SFD and BMD
Analyse the frame using consistent deformation
method. Flexural rigidity is same throughout.

20kN

3m 3m
10kN
B
E C

4m

A D
Step 1 :Find the degree of indeterminancy
DSI = 3m+r-3j = 2

Step 2 : Choose the redundant forces and obtain the released or basic
determinate structure
20kN
Hd and Vd
3m 3m
10kN
B
E C

4m

A D
 3m 3m
Step 3 :Draw M, m1 and m2 diagrams B
E C
20kN
4m
10kN 3m 3m
B
E C
A D
1kN
4m

A D 3m 3m
B
E C

4m

A D 1kN
 Step 4 : Find the redundant forces 3m 3m
B
E C
20kN
4m
3m 3m
B
E C
A D
VH 
4m HH

A H 3m 3m
D
V B
E C

4m

A  HV D 1kN
VV
Step 4 : Find the redundant forces

Consistent Deformation Equations

R H HH  R V HV   H  0
R H VH  R V VV  V  0
 HH  HV  R H   H  0
      
 VH  VV  R V   V  0
 P    0
 R H and R V  unknowns
m1m1 m2 m2
 HH  dx VV  dx
EI EI
m1m2
 HV  VH  dx
EI
Mm1
H   dx
EI
Mm2
V   dx
EI
 M m1 m2

AB A 0-4 10 x  100 6
x

BE D 3-6 x
 20( x  3) 4

EC D 0-3
0 4 x

CD D 0-4
0 x 0
 20kN

3m 3m
10kN
B x
E C
A 100kNm
4m 10kN
20kN

A D

20kN

3m x

E C C

x
D D D
 3m 3m
B x
E C
A 0
4m 1kN
0

A 1kN
D

3m x

E C C

x
D1kN D1kN D
1kN
 3m 3m
B x
E C
A 6kNm
4m 0
1kN

A D 1kN
1kN

3m x

E C C

x
D D D
1kN 1kN 1kN
 Mm1
H   dx
EI
1  
4 6
H    (10 x  100 x)dx   (80 x  240)dx 
2

EI  0 3 
946.67
H  mm
EI

Mm2
V   dx
EI
1  
4 6
V    (60 x  600)dx   (20 x  60 x)dx 
2

EI  0 3 
2370
V  mm
EI
 m1m1
 HH  dx
EI
1  4 2 6

 HH  2 ( x )dx   (16)dx 
EI  0 0 
138.67
 HH  mm
m2 m2
EI VV  dx
EI
1  4 6

VV    (36)dx   ( x )dx 
2

EI  0 0 
216
VV  mm
EI
 m1m2
 HV  VH  dx
EI
1  
6 4
 HV  VH    (4 x)dx   (6 x)dx 
EI  0 0 
120
 HV  VH  mm
EI

Consistent Deformation Equations

R H HH  R V HV   H  0
R H VH  R V VV  V  0
R H   5.14 
R    13.83 kN
 V  

20kN

3m 3m
10kN
B
E C

4m

A 17.04kNm 5.14kN
D
4.86kN

6.17kN
13.83kN
Analyse the frame using consistent deformation
method.

Neglect HA
MA
30kN

4m 12kN/m
36kN
B C
EI=15x10^3kNm^2

5m
EI=10^4kNm^2
EI=10^4kNm^2

A D

12m
SUMMARY

Degree of static indeterminancy – internal and external

Degree of kinematic indeterminancy – degree of freedom

Indeterminate trusses – energy method or maxwells

formula
kFl
 AE
Indeterminate beams T 
 k 2 l  lo
Indeterminate frames
   
 AE  Ao E