 Is the variety of life including variation of

life , including genes , species , and

functional traits .
 Richness is measures of the unique life forms
 Eveness measures of the equitability among
life forms …
 Are ecological process that controls the
fluxes of energy , nutrients and organic
matter through an environment
 Example: primary production , plant use
sunlight to convert inorganic matter into new
biological tissue ; nutrient cycling … plant
convert energy and form inorganic matter ..
Plant died and decomposed
 Are suite of benefits that ecosytems provide
to humanity…
2 types of Ecosystem Service
a. Provisioning service – involves the
production of renewable resources ( food,
wood, fresh air , water )
b. Regulating service – are those that lessen
environmental change ( pest diseases
control and climate regulation )
 According to Cardinace et.al “ The most
unique features of earth is the existence of
life , and the most extraordinary feature of
life is it diversity…. Human actions were
disseminating the Earth’s ecosystems,
eliminating genes ,species and biological
traits at alarming rate .
 This observation led to the question of how
much loss of biological diversity will alter the
functioning of ecosystems and their ability to
provide society with goods and services
needed to prosper.
Consensus statement one there is now
unequivocal evidence that biodiversity loss
reduces the efficiency by which ecological
communities

Consensus statement two there is mounting

evidence that biodiversity increases the
stability of ecosystem functions through time

 Consensus statement three The impact of

biodiversity on any single ecosystem
process is nonlinear and saturating, such
that change accelerates as biodiversity
loss increases.
 Indiscriminate logging literally
changes the forest landscape.
Although there has been a decline in
logging activities– due to the
combined effects of a ban on logging
old growth forests– illegal logging
activities persist.
 Indiscriminate mining operations
threaten ecological sustainability. The
Philippines is considered the fifth most
highly mineralized country in the world. It
is a significant producer of gold, copper,
nickel and chromite and has in the recent
past ranked among the world’s top 10
producers.
 The threat is compounded by the fact
that most of the country’s priority
conservation areas sit on top of huge
mineral reserves.
 The burgeoning human population
against a limited land base causes
forestland conversion. With the country’s
annual population growth rate of 2.04%,
poverty, landlessness and absence of secure
tenure rights over secondary forest areas or
logged-over areas have become attractive
for conversion into agricultural land and
settlements.
 Over-harvesting of resources
such as medicinal and ornamental
plants and wild animals for trade and
domestic use has contributed to
habitat degradation and dramatic
reductions in species populations.
Infrastructure development, such as major industries,
road networks, irrigation, water resources, power and
energy projects affect biodiversity directly and
indirectly. Directly, their operations and possible
expansion may disturb, pollute, or encroach upon
biodiversity-rich ecosystems.
 The threat posed by … (i) drainage patterns of
downstream impact areas to plot water pollution
impact areas; (ii) airshed and meteorological
behavior to plot air pollutant impact areas; and
(iii) nearest settlements and access roads location
to plot settlement impact areas.
 Other factors underlying these
threats include: weak enforcement,
unclear ownership or resource use
rights, low risk of punishment in
relation to potential benefits of
illegal activities and under-valuation
of non-monetary values of natural
resources.