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28/02/2015
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
2
OBJ. 3.2 USE GRAPH TO REPRESENT DISPLACEMENT, SPEED,
VELOCITY, AND ACCELERATION IN SINGLE DIMENSION
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Compiled by J R Harris_ STGC_Chem
3
OBJ. 3.3 USE THE GRADIENT OF AND AREA UNDER MOTION
GRAPHS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS
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Compiled by J R Harris_ STGC_Chem
Worksheet
4
OBJ. 3.4 DERIVE EQUATIONS REPRESENTING UNIFORMLY
ACCELERATED MOTION IN A SINGLE DIMENSION
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v = u + at
Assumptions
at = v – u
v = u + at…. (equation 1)
5
OBJ. 3.4 DERIVE EQUATIONS REPRESENTING UNIFORMLY
ACCELERATED MOTION IN A SINGLE DIMENSION
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Lets examine the velocity-time
graph for the motion of an Area under triangle = ½ t x (v-u)
object p
But v = u + at
u
So s = ut + ½ t(u + at- u)
t
S = ut + ½ at2….. Equation 2
The displacement is given by s
and is the area under the v-t
graph 6
OBJ. 3.4 DERIVE EQUATIONS REPRESENTING UNIFORMLY
ACCELERATED MOTION IN A SINGLE DIMENSION
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from equation one t = v-u/a
Therefore s = u (v-u)/a + ½ a [(v-u)/a]2
S = (v2 – u2 )/ 2a
Rearranging gives
v2 = u2 + 2as…… equation 3
7
OBJ. 3.5 USE THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION TO SOLVE
PROBLEMS, ON UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION
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worksheet
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worksheet
vx continued on next
t=4 slide
PROJECTILE MOTION (CONT.)
v
The trajectory of any projectile is
parabolic. (We’ll prove this
later.) If its initial velocity
vector is horizontal, as with the
v black marble, the launch site is
at the vertex of the parabola.
The velocity vector at any point
in time is tangent to the
parabolic trajectory. Moreover,
velocity vectors are always
v tangent to the trajectory of any
moving object, regardless of its
shape.
continued on next
slide
t=0
y = 1
t=1
PROJECTILE MOTION (CONT.)
y = 3 x=1 • The vertical displacements
over consecutive units of
t=2
time show the familiar
x=2
ratio of odd numbers that
y = 5 we’ve seen before with
uniform acceleration.
t=3
• Measured from the starting
point, the vertical
x=3 displacements would be 1,
4, 9, 16, etc., (perfect
squares), but the horiz.
y = 7
displacements form a
linear sequence since there
is no acceleration in that
x=4
direction.
t=4 continued on next
PROJECTILE EXAMPLE
A rifle is held perfectly horizontally 1.5 m over level ground. At the instant
the trigger is pulled, a second bullet is dropped from the tip of the barrel. The
muzzle velocity of the gun is 80 m/s.
1. Which bullet hits the ground first? answer: They hit at same time.
80 m/s
1.5 m
PROJECTILES FIRED AT AN ANGLE
continued on next
slide
Projectiles Fired at an Angle (cont.)
Step 2: Find hang time. Use y = v0t + ½ a t 2 with only vertical data:
Step 3:
Now that we know how long it’s in the air, we know how long it travels horizontally.
(The projectile’s vertical and horizontal movements are completely independent.)
Use x = v0t + ½ a t 2 again, this time with only horizontal data:
261 m
82 m
Picklemobile Example (cont.)
We resolve the initial velocity into components.
261 m continued
82 m on next slide
82 m
continued on next slide
Picklemobile Example (cont.)
What max height does the pickle mobile attain?
82 m
Picklemobile Example (cont.)
What is the impact velocity of the pickle
mobile (the velocity upon splash down)?
The horiz. component is the same at landing as it
was on liftoff. We must find the final vertical
29.2081 velocity: vf2 - (11.2119)2 = 2(-9.8)(-350).
m/s So, vf = -83.5805 m/s. 29.2081 m/s
The Pythag. theorem gives us the
83.5805 m/s
magnitude of the resultant.
= tan-1 (83.5805 / 88.5371) = 70.74.
350 m Thus the impact velocity is about
88.5 m/s at 71 below the horizontal.
Obj. 3. 7 show projectile motion is parabolic
o A projectile is shot horizontally with speed v0 .
o Its horizontal position is given by x = v0 t + ½ (-g) t 2. ( but gravity is zero)
o So time t = v0 /x
o The projectile’s vertical position is given by y = v0 t + ½ (-g) t 2.
o (initial velocity v0 = 0)
o
Given that y = ½ (-g) t 2
Substitute time (t= v/x) in above equation
g
y= x2
2 v02
The equation is parabolic of the form y = ax – bx2
Obj. 3. 7 show projectile motion is parabolic
o A projectile is shot with speed v0 at an angle .
o Its vertical position is given by y = (v0 sin ) t + ½ (-g) t 2.
o Here y is the dependent quantity, and t is the independent quantity.
o Everything else is a constant.
o The projectile’s horizontal position is given by x = (v0 cos ) t. (gravity is zero here)
o Only x and t are variables, and t = x / (v0 cos ). Let’s substitute this for t in the
equation for y:
y = (v0 sin ) t + ½ (-g) t 2
t=0 t = 20
Max height & hang time depend only on
initial vertical velocity
o Each initial velocity vector below has the a different magnitude (speed) but each
object will spend the same time in the air and reach the same max height.
o This is because each vector has the same vertical component.
o The projectiles will have different ranges, however.
o The greater the horizontal component of initial velocity, the greater the range.
Max Range at 45
o Over level ground at a constant launch speed, what angle maximizes the range, R ?
o First consider some extremes: When = 0, R = 0, since the object is on the ground
from the moment it’s launched.
o When = 90, the object goes straight up and lands right on the launch site, so R = 0
again. The best angle is 45, smack dab between the extremes.
45
38
Range Formula & Max Range at 45
First find the time. Note that y = 0, since the projectile starts and stops at ground level
(no change). y = v0 t + ½ at 2. So, 0 = (v0 sin ) t - ½ g t 2
Since the ground is level we divide through by t giving us t = 2 v0 sin / g. Then,
R = (v0 cos ) t = (v0 cos ) (2 v0 sin / g) = 2 v02 sin cos / g.
By the trig identity sin 2 = 2 sin cos, we get R = v02 sin 2 / g. Since v0 and g are
fixed, R is at a max when sin 2 is at a max. When the angle, 2, is 90, the sine
function is at its maximum of 1. Therefore, = 45.
v0
v0 sin
v0 cos
MAX RANGE WHEN Y 0
When fired from a cliff, or from below ground, a projectile doesn’t
attain its max range at 45.
45is only the best angle when a projectile is fired over level
ground.
When fired from a cliff, a projectile attains max range with a launch
angle less than 45 (see next slide).
When fired from below ground, a projectile attains max range with
a launch angle greater than 45
Range when fired from cliff
45 If ground were
level, the 45
launch would win.
< 45
Launch speeds
are the same.
40
OBJ. 3.8 STATE NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
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First law
A body at rest stays at rest or if moving continues to move with uniform
Second law
The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force
and takes in the direction in which the force acts
Third law
If a body A exerts a force on a body B then body B exerts an equal and
opposite force on body A 36
OBJ. 3.9 EXPLAIN LINEAR MOMENTUM
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Linear momentum is the product of an object mass and velocity
37
MOMENTUM FACTS
• p = mv
• Momentum is a vector quantity!
• Velocity and momentum vectors point in the same direction.
• SI unit for momentum: kg · m/s (no special name).
• Momentum is a conserved quantity (this will be proven later).
• A net force is required to change a body’s momentum.
• Momentum is directly proportional to both mass and speed.
• Something big and slow could have the same momentum as
something small and fast.
MOMENTUM EXAMPLES
3 m /s 30 kg · m /s
10 kg 10 kg
Note: The momentum vector does not have to be drawn 10 times longer than the
velocity vector, since only vectors of the same quantity can be compared in this
way.
26º
5g
p = 45 kg · m /s
at 26º N of E
OBJ. 3.10 STATE THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF LINEAR
MOMENTUM
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The principle of conservation of linear momentum states that for
40
OBJ. 3.11 APPLY THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF
LINEAR MOMENTUM
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In next slides
v1 v2
m1 m2
m1 v1 - m2 v2 = - m1 va + m2 vb
after: p = - m1 va + m2 vb
va vb
m1 m2
DIRECTIONS AFTER A COLLISION
On the last slide the boxes were drawn going in the opposite direction after colliding. This
isn’t always the case. For example, when a bat hits a ball, the ball changes direction, but
the bat doesn’t. It doesn’t really matter, though, which way we draw the velocity vectors in
“after” picture. If we solved the conservation of momentum equation (red box) for vb and
got a negative answer, it would mean that m2 was still moving to the left after the collision.
As long as we interpret our answers correctly, it matters not how the velocity vectors are
drawn.
v1 v2
m1 m2
m1 v1 - m2 v2 = - m1 va + m2 vb
va vb
m1 m2
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
35 g
7 kg
700 m/s
v=0
35 g
7 kg
v=? 4 cm/s
v=0
Same as the last problem except this time it’s a block of wood rather than butter,
and the bullet does not pass all the way through it. How fast do they move together
after impact?
v
7. 035 kg
F F
M m
For each object, F = (mass) (a) = (mass) (v / t ) = (mass v) / t = p / t. Since the force
applied and the contact time is the same for each mass, they each undergo the same
change in momentum, but in opposite directions. The result is that even though the
momenta of the individual objects changes, p for the system is zero. The
momentum that one mass gains, the other loses. Hence, the momentum of the
system before equals the momentum of the system after.
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM APPLIES ONLY IN
THE ABSENCE OF EXTERNAL FORCES!
The only way to conserve momentum with an external force like friction is to
make it internal by including the tabletop, floor, or the entire Earth as part of
the system. For example, if a rubber ball hits a brick wall, p for the ball is not
conserved, neither is p for the ball-wall system, since the wall is connected to
the ground and subject to force by it. However, p for the ball-Earth system is
conserved!
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
An apple is originally at rest and then dropped. After falling a short time,
it’s moving pretty fast, say at a speed V. Obviously, momentum is not
conserved for the apple, since it didn’t have any at first. How can this be?
apple
answer:
m
• Gravity is an external force on the apple, so momentum
V
for it alone is not conserved.
F
• To make gravity “internal,” we must define a system
v that includes the other object responsible for the
gravitational force--Earth.
Earth • The net force on the apple-Earth system is zero, and
M momentum is conserved for it. During the fall the Earth
F attains a very small speed v. So, by conservation of
momentum:
mV = M v
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
A crate of raspberry donut filling collides with a tub of lime Kool Aid on
a frictionless surface. Which way on how fast does the Kool Aid
rebound? answer: Let’s draw v to the right in the after picture.
3 (10) - 6 (15) = -3 (4.5) + 15 v v = -3.1 m/s
Since v came out negative, we guessed wrong in drawing v to the right, but
that’s OK as long as we interpret our answer correctly. After the collision the
lime Kool Aid is moving 3.1 m/s to the left.
before
10 m/s 6 m/s
3 kg 15 kg
after
4.5 m/s v
3 kg 15 kg
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM IN 2-D
To handle a collision in 2-D, we conserve momentum in each dimension
separately. Choosing down & right as positive:
before:
m2
m1
2
px = m1 v1 cos1 - m2 v2 cos2
1 v2
v1 py = m1 v1 sin1 + m2 v2 sin2
after:
m1 m2 px = -m1 va cosa + m2 vb cos b
a b
va vb
py = m1 va sina + m2 vb sin b
pa
A m1 m2
F a b p after
T
E
R pa pb
pb
Acme
after
before
A bomb, which was originally at rest, explodes and shrapnel flies every
which way, each piece with a different mass and speed. The momentum
vectors are shown in the after picture.
continued on next
slide
EXPLODING BOMB (CONT.)
• Since the momentum of the bomb was zero before the explosion, it
must be zero after it as well.
• Each piece does have momentum, but the total momentum of the
exploded bomb must be zero afterwards.
• This means that it must be possible to place the momentum
vectors tip to tail and form a closed polygon, which means the
vector sum is zero.
If the original
momentum of the bomb
were not zero, these
vectors would add up to
the original momentum
vector.
2-D SAMPLE PROBLEM
152 g
A mean, old dart strikes an innocent mango
before that was just passing by minding its own
40
business. Which way and how fast do they
34 m/s move off together?
5 m/s
0.3 kg Working in grams and taking left & down as + :
p = 4132.9736 g m/s
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During elastic collision energy is conserved
Energy is not conserved in inelastic collision
57
OBJ. 3.12 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN INELASTIC AND
PERFECT ELASTIC COLLISION
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An elastic collision is one in which the total kinetic energy of colliding
bodies is the same before and after, i.e., none of the original kinetic
energy is converted to wasted heat.
before: after:
v1 v2 vA vB
m1 m2 m1 m2
conservation of momentum:
m1 v1 - m2 v2 = -m1 vA + m2vB
conservation of energy:
½ m1 v12 + ½ m2 v22 = ½ m1 vA2 + ½ m2vB2
(Energy is a scalar, so there is no direction associated with it.)
Elastic Collision
Since no waste heat is created in an elastic collision, we can write
equations to conserve both momentum and energy. (In a closed
system--meaning no external forces--momentum is conserved
whether or not the collision is elastic.)
before: after:
v1 v2 vA vB
m1 m2 m1 m2
conservation of momentum:
m1 v1 - m2 v2 = -m1 vA + m2vB
conservation of energy:
½ m1 v12 + ½ m2 v22 = ½ m1 vA2 + ½ m2vB2
(Energy is a scalar, so there is no direction associated with it.)
Elastic Collision Example
A 95 g rubber biscuit collides head on with an 18 g superball in an
elastic collision. The initial speeds are given. Find the final speeds.
before: after:
6 m/s 8 m/s vA vB
95 g 18 g
conservation of momentum:
(95 g)(6 m/s) - (18 g)(8 m/s) = -(95 g) vA + (18 g) vB
No conversion to kg needed;
426 = -95 vA + 18 vB grams cancel out.
conservation of energy:
½ (95 g)(6 m/s) 2 + ½ (18 g)(8 m/s) 2 = ½ (95 g)vA2 + ½ (18 g)vB2
continued on
cancel halves: 4572 = 95vA2 + 18vB2 next slide
Elastic Collision Example (cont.)
Both final speeds are unknown, but we have two equations, one
from conserving momentum, and one from conserving energy:
momentum: 426 = -95 vA + 18 vB
energy: 4572 = 95vA2 + 18 vB2
95 g 18 g
Now we conserve momentum, but not kinetic energy, since this is not
an elastic collision. This means that if we did not know the final
speed of the arrow, we would not have enough information.
0.7 (27.9592) = 0.3 vK + 0.7 (21) vK = 16.2381 m/s
0.7 kg
0.3 kg
27.9592 m/s v=0 16.2381 21 m/s
before m/s
after
Before impact the total kinetic energy of the system is
after
71
vH vB
continued on next slide
Elastic Collision in 2-D (cont.)
105 kg 200 kg
41 35
170 m/s 85 m/s
before
after
vB
71
vH
horizontal momentum:
105 (170) cos 41 - 200 (85) cos 35 = -105vH cos + 200 vB cos 71
vertical momentum (down is +):
105 (170) sin 41 + 200 (85) sin 35 = 105 vH sin + 200vB sin 71
kinetic energy (after canceling the ½’s):
105 (170) 2 + 200 (85) 2 = 105 vH2 + 200 vB2
continued on next slide
Elastic Collision in 2-D (cont.)
vB
71
vH
The left side of each equation can be simplified, but we have a system
of 3 equations with 3 unknowns with first degree, second degree and
trigonometric terms. This requires a computer. With some help from
Mathematica, we get vH = 94 m/s, = -22.3º, and vB = 133.3 m/s.
Since is measured below the horizontal, the negative sign means
the hammer bounced back up, which makes sense because Thor’s
magic hammer always returns to him.
94 m/s
22.3º
71
133.3 m/s
OBJ. 3.12 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN INELASTIC AND
PERFECT ELASTIC COLLISION
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Sample question
A stationary nucleus of mass 3.65 x10-25kg decays to produce two
70
OBJ. 3.13 EXPLAIN AND USE THE CONCEPT OF THE
IMPULSE OF A FORCE
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Impulse is the product of force and time. The unit of impulse is Ns.
71
IMPULSE - MOMENTUM EXAMPLE
A 1.3 kg ball is coming straight at a 75 kg soccer player at 13 m/s who
kicks it in the exact opposite direction at 22 m/s with an average force of
1200 N. How long are his foot and the ball in contact?
During this contact time the ball compresses substantially and then
decompresses. This happens too quickly for us to see, though. This
compression occurs in many cases, such as hitting a baseball or golf
ball.
OBJ. 3.14 DRAW AND INTERPRET F-T GRAPHS
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A force-time graph illustrates how a force varies over a period of time
as it acts on an object.
73
OBJ. 3.14 DRAW AND INTERPRET F-T GRAPHS
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Compiled by J R Harris_ STGC_Chem
Get samples of graph to place here
74
OBJ. 3. 15 SOLVE PROBLEMS RELATED TO NEWTON’S LAWS
OF MOTION
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Compiled by J R Harris_ STGC_Chem
Assign worksheet to students
75
CIRCULAR MOTION
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speed.
76
v
v
CIRCULAR MOTION
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Frequency: number of rotation per second
Calculating frequency
•Frequency = number of revolution/ time taken
The radian is defined as the ratio of the arc-length swept out in time
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to the radius of the circle. This radian is an angle and can be
represented by the following equation
Therefore for one complete revolution ,the angle θ (in radian) is given
by
θ = s/r which equates to θ = 2 π r/r
θ = 2 π radians 78
OBJ. 3.17 APPLY THE CONCEPT OF ANGULAR VELOCITY TO
PROBLEMS INVOLVING CIRCULAR MOTION
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w = ∆θ/ ∆t
So w = 2 π / T………….. ie T = 2 π/ w
But wt = s/r
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Centripetal Force Centripetal accelerations
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From F = ma, we get Fc = mac = mv2 / r.
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Compiled by J R Harris_ STGC_Chem
See part b of notes for questions and other examples
83
CONICAL PENDULUM
• Consider an • The vertical
object of mass component of T
m attached to a balances mg.
string of length •
l and made to • The horizontal
rotate in an component of T
horizontal is the centripetal T
circle of radius T
force.
r
ac ac
m m v
v
mg
mg
T cos = mg
m T sin T sin = mv2 / r
See it in
tan = v2 / rg
mg
action Dividing equations:
OBJ. 20 USE THE EQUATIONS OF CIRCULAR MOTION TO SOLVE
PROBLEMS
• Lets imagine a plane flying in a vertical
v circle
Ntop
• Its speed is constant, but because of its
mg
nonlinear motion, the pilot must
experience centripetal acceleration.
• This ac is provided by a combination of
weight and the normal force N.
• mg is constant; N is not.
Nbot
v
continued on next
mg
Top: Normal force and weight team v
up to provide centripetal force: Ntop Ntop
+ mg = mv2 / r. If the pilot were mg
sitting on a scale, it would say she’s
very light.
r
Bottom: Weight works against
normal force, so N must be bigger
down here to provide the same
centripetal force:
Nbot - mg = mv2 / r. (Fc has a constant
magnitude since m, v, and r are Nbot
constants.) Here a scale would say
that the pilot is very heavy.
continued on next mg
The normal force (force on pilot due to
seat) changes throughout the loop. This
case is similar to the simple pendulum
(the only difference being that speed is
constant here). Part of the weight
opposes N, and the net radial force is
the centripetal force:
mg cos mg sin
We’ve been discussing the
pilot, but what force causes
the plane to turn? mg
Answer:
The air provides the centripetal force on plane
OBJ. 3. 21 USE NEWTON’S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION
IN PROBLEMS INVOLVING ATTRACTION BETWEEN MASSES
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Newton’s law of gravitation states that the force of attraction between
F = -Gm1m2
r2
G is the gravitational constant (6.67 x10-11 Nm2Kg-2)
How hard do two planets pull on each other if their masses are
1.23 1026 kg and 5.21 1022 kg and they 230 million kilometers
apart?
FG = G m1 m2
r2
= (6.67 · 10-11 N·m2 / kg2) (1.23 · 1026 kg) (5.21 · 1022 kg)
(230 · 103 · 106 m) 2
= 8.08 · 1015 N
This is the force each planet exerts on the other. Note the denominator is
has a factor of 103 to convert to meters and a factor of 106 to account for
the million. It doesn’t matter which way or how fast the planets are
moving.
OBJ. 3.22 EXPLAIN AND USE THE TERM GRAVITATIONAL
FIELD STRENGTHS (AT THE EARTH SURFACE AND ABOVE)
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A gravitational field exist around bodies that have mass.
The direction of the field is the direction of the force on a test mass
placed in the field
91
OBJ. 3.22 EXPLAIN AND USE THE TERM GRAVITATIONAL
FIELD STRENGTHS (AT THE EARTH SURFACE AND ABOVE)
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Gravitational field strength is the force acting per unit mass.
On the Earth’s surface the gravitational field strength is g = 9.81Nkg-1
r2
g = -GM
r2 92
OBJ. 3.22 EXPLAIN AND USE THE TERM GRAVITATIONAL
FIELD STRENGTHS (AT THE EARTH SURFACE AND ABOVE)
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g = -GM
r2
93
OBJ. 3.22 EXPLAIN AND USE THE TERM GRAVITATIONAL
FIELD STRENGTHS (AT THE EARTH SURFACE AND ABOVE)
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ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY
s= h, u =0 a =g
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Compiled by J R Harris_ STGC_Chem
Worksheet
95
OBJ. 3.24 DISCUSS THE MOTION OF GEOSTATIONARY
SATELLITES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
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When an object is present in a gravitational field, it posses
gravitational potential energy.