WElCOME TO

CCNA
LEAD BY ENG ABYAD
Cisco Foundations

 Network Components, Diagrams , Cables & Speed

 What is a network? How does cisco play a role ?
 Network stracture Understanding your building blocks
 How we talk about speed in a network
 A common network cables
 3

OSI LAYERS
OSI Model
4

 OSI means Open System Interconnect model.

 Developed by the International Organization for

Standardization in 1974.

 It consists of seven layers.

 Each layer has a different but specific processing

function.
OSI Model Layers
5

Layer - 7 Application
Application
Upper Layer
Layer - 6 Presentation
Presentation or
Software Layer
Layer - 5 Session
Session

Layer - 4 Transport
Transport Heart of OSI

Layer - 3 Network
Network
Lower Layer
Layer - 2 Data
DataLink
Link or
Hardware Layer
Layer - 1 Physical
Physical
Application Layer
6
Application Layer is responsible for
Application
Application
Application
Application providing Networking Services to
the user. It is also known as
Presentation
Presentation Desktop Layer. Identification of
Services is done using Port
Session
Session Numbers.

Transport
Transport Ports are Entry and Exit Points to
the Layer
Network
Network
Total No. Ports 0 – 65535
Data
DataLink
Link
Reserved Ports 0 – 1023
Physical Open Client Ports 1024 – 65535
Physical
Example of HTTP request
http://www.zoomgroup.com 7

Client Web Server

Example of HTTP request
8

HTTP Request
HTTP Request
Received HTTP Reply Listen on
http:// www.zoomgroup.com
http://www.zoomgroup.com Port 80
Webpage
Webpage Sending HTTP Reply
Webpage

Client Web Server

Example of FTP request
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com 9

Client FTP Server

Example of FTP request
10

FTP Request
FTP Request
Received FTP Reply Listen on
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com Port 21
Sending FTP Reply

Client FTP Server

Examples of Networking Services
Service Port No.
11

HTTP 80

FTP 21

SMTP 25

TELNET 23

TFTP 69
Data flow from Application Layer
12
Application
Application Data

80 21 25 53 67 69

Presentation
Presentation

Session
Session

Transport
Transport

Network
Network

Data
DataLink
Link

Physical
Physical
Presentation Layer
13
Presentation Layer is responsible
Application
Application for converting data into standard
format.
Presentation
Presentation
Presentation
Presentation
Examples : ASCII, EBCDIC, JPEG,
Session
Session MPEG, BMP, MIDI, WAV, MP3
Transport
Transport
Following tasks are perform at
Network
Presentation layer :
Network

Data Encoding – Decoding

DataLink
Link
Encryption – Decryption
Physical
Physical Compression – Decompression
Data flow from Presentation Layer
14

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session

Transport
Transport

Network
Network

Data
DataLink
Link

Physical
Physical
Session Layer
15
Session Layer is responsible for
Application
Application establishing, maintaining and
terminating session.
Presentation
Presentation Session ID works at Session Layer.
Session
Session
Session
Session

Transport Examples :
Transport

Network
Network RPC  Remote Procedure Call
SQL  Structured Query Language
Data
DataLink
Link NFS  Network File System

Physical
Physical
Data flow from Session Layer
16

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport
Transport

Network
Network

Data
DataLink
Link

Physical
Physical
Transport Layer
17
Transport Layer is responsible
Application
Application for end-to-end connectivity. It is also
known as the heart of OSI Layers.
Presentation
Presentation Following tasks are performed at the
Transport Layer : -
Session
Session
• Identifying Service
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
• Multiplexing & De-multiplexing
Network
Network • Segmentation

Data • Sequencing & Reassembling

DataLink
Link
• Error Correction
Physical
Physical • Flow Control
Identifying Service
18
TCP UDP

• Transmission Control • User Datagram Protocol

Protocol • Connection Less
• Connection Oriented • No Acknowledgement
• Acknowledgement • Unreliable
• Reliable • Faster
• Slower • Port No. 17
• Port No. 6 • e.g. DNS, DHCP, TFTP
• e.g. HTTP, FTP, SMTP
Multiplexing & De-multiplexing
19
Application
Application

Presentation
Presentation

Session
Session

80 21 25 53 67 69

Transport
Transport
TCP - 6 UDP - 17

Network
Network

Data
DataLink
Link

Physical
Physical
Segmentation
20

Hello! Hello! How are you ?

How are
you ?
Hello! How Are You ?

A B
Sequencing & Reassembling
21

Hello! Hello!
You HowHow
Hello! are ?you
Are? you
How are Hello!
you ? How ? are
You
Hello! Hello!
How How You
Are ? Are
?

A B
Sequencing & Reassembling
22

Hello! Hello! How are you ? Hello!

How are How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ?you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5

You Hello! How ? Are

4/5 1/5 2/5 5/5 3/5

A B
Error Correction
23

Segment Missing

Hello! Hello! How are you ? Hello!

How are How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ?you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5

You Hello! How ? Are

4/5 1/5 2/5 5/5 3/5

A B
Flow Control - Windowing
24

PC-A
PC-A
Ack-Rec-3
Sending 3-
Ack. Received 4-
3-
Sending
window
Received-4
can send 4 Segment at
can send 4 Segmentwindow
at
5-window aa time
time to
to
PC-B
PC-B

A B
Data flow from Transport Layer
25

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport TH Data
Segment
Transport

Network
Network

Data
DataLink
Link

Physical
Physical
Network Layer
26
Network Layer is responsible for
Application
Application providing best path for data to reach
the destination. Logical Addressing
Presentation
Presentation works on this layer. Router is a
Network Layer device.
Session
Session
It is divided into two parts
Transport
Transport • Routed Protocols
Network
Network
Network
Network e.g. IP, IPX, Apple Talk.
• Routing Protocols
Data
DataLink
Link
e.g. RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP
Physical
Physical
Routed Protocols
27

Segment

Hello! Hello!
How are How are
you ? Source IP you ?
192.168.1.1

Destination
Segment IP
192.168.1.2

A B

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
Routing Protocols
28

www.zoomgroup.com

A
Data flow from Network Layer
29

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

e.g. Router Transport

Transport Segment

Network
Network NH Segment
Packet

Data
DataLink
Link

Physical
Physical
Datalink Layer
30
Datalink Layer is divided
Application
Application into two Sub Layers :

Presentation
Presentation • LLC – Logical Link Control
Session It talks about Wan protocols e.g.
Session
PPP, HDLC, Frame-relay
Transport
Transport
• MAC – Media Access Control
Network
Network It talks about Physical Address. It is
a 48 bit address i.e. 12 digit
Data Hexadecimal Number.
DataLink
Data
Data Link
Link
Link
It is also responsible for Error
Physical Detection
Physical
Devices working on Data Link Layer
are Switch, Bridge, NIC.
Error Detection – CRC Check
31

PC-A
Packet
PC-A
CRC
CRC No. No. 33333
33333
Hello!
How are PC-B
PC-B
you ? Source MAC
CRC
CRC No.
No.
00-20-18-C0-07-7111114
11114
Error00000
33333
11114
46323
99434
43434
99323
55434
89696
22222
32434
Detected
Error
Error
Destination
Packet Detected
Detected
MAC
00-20-18-C0-07-72
For
For Error
Error Correction
Correction
Contact
Contact Source
Source Transport
Transport layer
layer
A B

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
00-20-18-C0-07-71 00-20-18-C0-07-72
Error Detection – CRC Check
32

Packet

Hello!
How are
Source MAC you ?
00-20-18-C0-07-71
20202
11114
46323
99434
43434
99323
55434
89696
22222
32434
00000
Destination
Packet MAC
00-20-18-C0-07-72

A B

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
00-20-18-C0-07-71 00-20-18-C0-07-72
Data flow from Data Link Layer
33

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport
Transport Segment

e.g. Switch Network

Network Packet

Data
DataLink
Link DH Packet DT
Frame

Physical
Physical
Physical Layer
34
Physical Layer is
Application
Application responsible for electrical, mechanical
and procedural checks. Data will be
Presentation
Presentation converted into Binary (i.e) 0’s & 1’s.
Data will be in the form of electrical
Session
Session pulses if it is Coaxial or Twisted Pair
cable and in the form of Light if it is
Transport
Transport Fiber Optic Cable.

Network
Network Devices working at Physical Layer are
Hubs, Repeaters, Cables, Modems etc.
Data
DataLink
Link

Physical
Physical
Physical
Physical
Physical Layer Example
35

Frame

Hello!
How are
you ?
1010101010101010
Frame

A 0101011010101010101010101
1010101101010101010101010
0101011010101010101010101 B
Data flow from Physical Layer
36

Application
Application Data

Presentation
Presentation Data

Session
Session Data

Transport
Transport Segment

Network
Network Packet

e.g. Hub Data

DataLink
Link Frame

Physical
Physical Bits
Data Encapsulation & De-capsulation
37
A B

Application Data Data Application

Application Application

Presentation
Presentation Data Data Presentation
Presentation

Session
Session Data Data Session
Session

Transport
Transport
TH Data
Segment Segment
TH Data Transport TH
Transport

Network
Network NH Segment
Packet NH
Packet
Segment Network
Network NH

Data DH Packet
Frame DT DT Packet
Frame DH
Packet Link DH
DT
DataLink
Link DataLink
Data

Physical
Physical Bits Bits Physical
Physical
Comparing OSI with TCP/IP Layers
38

OSI Layers TCP/IP Layers

Application
Application

Presentation
Presentation Application
Application

Session
Session

Transport
Transport Transport
Transport

Network
Network Internet
Internet

Data
DataLink
Link Network
Network
Access
Access
Physical
Physical
 39

THE END
40
Example of HTTP request
http://www.zoomgroup.com 41
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com 42
Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195]
(C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.
C:\> telnet 192.168.1.150
43
Connecting .....
================================
Welcome to Hyderabad Router
================================
User Access Verification
password :
http://www.microsoft.com 44
http://mail.yahoo.com 45

xyz@yahoo.com

xyz

******
Q & A Session
Thank you