BAGIAN 4

MENGAPA ADA
PENELITIAN
KUALITATIF DAN
KUANTITATIF
 TENTANG PARADIGMA
APA ITU PARADIGMA
“A paradigm of choices rejects
methodological orthodoxy in favour of
methodological appropriateness as the
primary criterion for judging
methodological quality ”

McKinlay JB (1993) In:Baum (1995) p.464

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 SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS
• QUANTITATIVE and QUALITATIVE
research may largely be seen as existing
within two separate scientific paradigms.
– QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH is rooted in the
Positivist paradigm.
– QUALITATIVE RESEARCH is rooted in the
Interpretive paradigm.

Approaches to Research 3
 THE POSITIVIST PARADIGM

1. Objective, stable reality governed by context-free cause-

effect relationships
2. Scientific, evidence-based, deductive knowledge
3. Positivism argues that research should act “… as an organised
method …” surrounding precise empirical observations of
individual behaviour in order to discover and confirm a set of
probabilistic causal laws that can be used to predict general
patterns of human activity” (Neuman, 1997: 63)
4. Empiricism argues that only that which can be experienced
through the senses may be known to be real.
5. Positivist research gained dominance in the natural sciences
and was later adopted in social sciences.
6. Research methods structured, replicable, experimental;
results are quantifiable
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 THE INTERPRETIVE PARADIGM

1. Subjective, socially constructed reality, which must be interpreted

2. Knowledge influenced by multiple realities, sensitive to context;
research aims to uncover the meaning of phenomena
3. The interpretive approach argues that research should explore
“…socially meaningful action through the direct detailed observation of
people in natural settings in order to arrive at understandings and
interpretations of how people create and maintain their social worlds”
(Neuman, 1997:68).
4. We use “… methods that try to describe and interpret people’s feelings
and experiences in human terms rather than through quantification and
measurement” (Terre Blanche & Kelly, 1999: 123).
5. Researcher is a co-creator of meaning, brings own subjective
experience to the research, methods try to capture ‘insider’ knowledge,
research conducted in natural settings

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 POSITIVIST INTERPRETIVE

Discovery of universal Discovery of how people

laws governing social make sense of their social
world. worlds.
A fixed social reality exists Many social realities exist
that may be measured and due to varying human
described. experience.
Human behaviour is both Human behaviour is
rational and predictable. context bound and
variable.
Positivist science is capable Common sense provides
of uncovering ‘truth’. insight into social realities.
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 POSITIVIST INTERPRETIVE

Discovery of social fact Understanding of social

is achieved through reality is achieved
reason. through rich contextual
description.
Empirical observation Contextual
serve to illuminate understanding exposes
social facts. a social reality.

Objective, value-free Recognition of

study is crucial in social subjectivity in social
research. research is important.
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 CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
– Descriptive (who, how many, where, when, how
often)
– Analytic (why – causal links)
– Applied (test interventions – what change)
• QUANTITATIVE METHODS
– On their own do not offer sufficient understanding
of the complex web of relationships between the
factors that determine health and disease

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 Elements of the Research Process

DEDUCTIVE THINKING (QUANTITATIVE)

THEORY

HYPOTHESIS

OBSERVATION

CONFIRMATION

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 Elements of the Research Process (Cont.)

INDUCTIVE THINKING (QUALITATIVE)

OBSERVATION

PATTERNS

HYPOTHESIS

THEORY
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Deductive Thinking

Top down

Inductive Thinking Bottom up

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deduksi induksi

KUALITATIF
KUANTITATIF
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