Lesson Structure

Academic writing
Part 1: IN-TEXT CITATIONS

Department of Foundation English

SOFL – HUST
 Focal points

In-text citations

Reporting Quoting
Introductory
(summary &
phrases (long & short)
paraphrase)
 Essential ‘ingredients’
Original
The big picture is about
knowledge building: each piece
of reported research adds to
the collective construction of
knowledge. Research serves as
the foundation on which new
contributions to knowledge are
built. Without citation, there is
no reliable and organized
system for knowledge building,
no mortar for securing the
foundation.
(Written by Walker and Taylor in
1998; the information can be found
on page 9 of the book)
Rewritten
Walker and Taylor (1998)
emphasize that the real reason
why we cite sources we have
consulted is to contribute to the
creation of shared knowledge.
The research of others is the
base on which new
understanding is established. If
we did not cite the work of
others, there would be no
accepted method “for
knowledge building” (p.9).
 Essential ‘ingredients’
Original
The big picture is about
knowledge building: each piece
of reported research adds to
the collective construction of
knowledge. Research serves as
the foundation on which new
contributions to knowledge are
built. Without citation, there is
no reliable and organized
system for knowledge building,
no mortar for securing the
foundation.
(Written by Walker and Taylor in
1998; the information can be found
on page 9 of the book)
Rewritten
Walker and Taylor (1998)
emphasize that the real reason
why we cite sources we have
consulted is to contribute to the
creation of shared knowledge.
The research of others is the
base on which new
understanding is established. If
we did not cite the work of
others, there would be no
accepted method “for
knowledge building” (p.9).
 Essential ‘ingredients’
Author’s Year of Introductory
last name publication phrase *

Walker and Taylor (1998) emphasize that the real reason

why we cite sources we have consulted is to contribute to
the creation of shared knowledge. The research of others is
the base on which new understanding is established. If we
did not cite the work of others, there would be no accepted
method “for knowledge building” (p.9).

Page
number*
 Introductory phrases

1. Critser (2003) noted that despite growing numbers of overweight

Americans, many health care providers still “remain either in
ignorance or outright denial about the health danger to the poor
and the young” (p. 5).

Introductory
phrase

2. According to Sothern and Gordon (2003), “Environmental factors

may contribute as much as 80% to the causes of childhood obesity”
(p. 104).
 Introductory phrases
Neutral verbs:
Smith (2004) describes/ states/ defines …

Verbs drawing attention to author’s viewpoints:

Harris (2001) argues/ disputes/ concedes …

Verbs giving information about author’s work:

Holmes (2000) investigated/ evaluated/ estimated …

Verbs highlighting author’s viewpoint:

Brown (1996) believes/ recognized/ predicted …

Other useful verbs:

analyze criticize claim suggest
compare demonstrate note validate
comment discuss observe verify
conclude illustrate point out hold
indicate report show
 In-text citations
Reporting (paraphrase & summary) – basic rule

Introductory Author’s Year of

phrase last name publication

According to Holmes and Smith (1986), gender is an

important feature in language. NO page
number

Author’s
last name

Gender is an important feature in language (Holmes &

Smith, 1986). NO page
number
Year of
publication
 In-text citations
Reporting (paraphrase & summary) – basic rule
1. According to Holmes and Smith (1986), gender is an important
feature in language.
introductory phrase – author’s name – (year of publication) …

2. Gender is an important feature in language (Holmes & Smith, 1986).

… (author’s name – year of publication)

3. It is stated by Holmes and Smith that gender is an important feature

of language (1986).
introductory phrase – author’s name - … - (year of publication)

4. In 1986, Holmes and Smith wrote that gender is an important

feature of language.
in year of publication – author’s name – introductory phrase …
 Practice
Paraphrase or summarize the following text and insert in-text
acknowledgement based on the source provided.

In 1610, Galileo Galilei published a small book describing

astronomical observations that he had made of the skies
above Padua. His homemade telescopes had less
magnifying and resolving power than most beginners’
telescopes sold today, yet with them he made
astonishing discoveries: that moon has mountains and
other topographical features; that Jupiter is orbited by
satellites, which he called planets; and that the Milky
Way is made up of individual stars.
(From David Owen, “The Dark Side: Making War on Light Pollution,”
The New Yorker (20 August 2007):28)
 Important abbreviations
chap. chapter
ed. edition
rev. ed. revised edition
2nd ed. second edition
ed. (eds.) editor (editors)
trans. translator(s)
n.d. no date
p. (pp.) page(s)
para. paragraph
vol. volume (as in Vol. 4)
vols. volumes (as in Vol. 4)
no. number
pt. part
 In-text citations
Quoting (short quotations)

Author’s Year of
last name publication

According to Gross (1996), it is “not only the vocabulary of

a language that determines how and what we think and
perceive but also the grammar” (p.317). An example of
this might be …
Full period
Page number after brackets
 In-text citations
Quoting (short quotations)
 According to Gross (1996), it is “not only the vocabulary of
a language that determines how and what we think and
perceive but also the grammar” (p.317).

 It is “not only the vocabulary of a language that

determines how and what we think and perceive but also
the grammar” (Gross, 1996, p.317).

 Gross wrote it is “not only the vocabulary of a language

that determines how and what we think and perceive but
also the grammar” (1996, p.317).
 In-text citations
Quoting (long quotations)
Author’s Year of
last name publication

Writing about Hopi, a Native American language,

Gross (1996) write:
In the Hopi language, no distinction is made between
past, present and future; it is a ‘timeless language’
(compared with English), although it does recognize
duration, i.e. how long an event lasts. In European
languages, ‘time’ is treated as an objective entity. (p.317)

Page number Page number

 In-text citations
Quoting (long quotations)

The rules of in-text citations for long quotations can be described as

followed:
Display a quotation of 40 or more words in a freestanding block of
typewritten lines, and omit the quotation marks. Start such a block
quotation on a new line, and indent the block about ½ inch (1.3 cm
or five spaces) from the left margin (in the same position as the new
paragraph).
If there are additional paragraphs within the quotation, indent
the first line of each and additional ½ inch. The entire quotation
should be double-spaced. (American Psychological Association,
2001, p.117)
 Special rules
1.Citations for source without page number

The study showed that research in “library databases can

both satisfy and create more interest and curiosity" (Jones
& Killen, 2010, para. 6). Paragraph
number

(usually for Internet sources)

http://www.nytimes.com
 Special rules
2. Citations for source with neither
page number nor paragraph number

 Lee (2007) stated that “the data was unreliable” (Methods

section, para. 4).

Paragraph
Heading/
number that
Section
follows

 (Sanders, 2001, Introduction, para. 5)

 Special rules
3.Citations for source without date

Attempts to establish a definitive link between television

programming and children’s eating habits have been
problematic (Magnus, n.d.).

n.d. = no date
 Special rules
4. Citations for source without author

Children struggling to control their weight must also

struggle with the pressures of television advertising
that, on the one hand, encourages the consumption
of junk food and, on the other, celebrates thin
celebrities (“Television,” 2002).

If the author is unknown, mention the work’s title in the signal

(introductory) phrase or give the first word or two of the title in the
parenthetical citation. Titles of articles and chapters are put in quotation
marks; titles of books and reports are italicized.
 Special rules
5. Citations for organization as author
“Obesityputs children at risk for a number of medical
complications, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension,
sleep apnea, and orthopedic problems” (Henry J. Kaiser
Family Foundation, 2004, p. 1).

If the author is a government agency or another organization, name the

organization in the signal (introductory) phrase or in the parenthetical
citation.

If the organization
has a familiar
abbreviation,
include it in brackets
1st: (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDDC], 2009)
for the 1st time, and
use abbreviation Later: (CDCP, 2009)
along in later
citations.
 Special rules
6. Secondary citations
Satcher is being quoted, and is
the original source  included in
the signal (introductory phrase)

Former surgeon general Dr. David Satcher described “a

nation of young people seriously at risk of starting out
obese and dooming themselves to the difficult task of
overcoming a tough illness” (as cited in Critser, 2003, p.4).

This quote is not written by Satcher, but Critser

(secondary source)  use parenthetical citation
for secondary source, preceded by “as cited in”.
Example:
Source:
A RESEARCH-BASED JUSTIFICATION FOR DEBATE ACROSS THE
CURRICULUM
Argumentation & Advocacy, Winter 2000, Vol. 36 Issue 3, p161-175.
By: Joe Bellon, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
Text: Suggested answer:

As Cronin and Glenn note:

From Bellon’s observation, students who do
Except for students majoring in communication, most
not register atake
undergraduates course
at mostononeoral communication
course emphasizing oral
has almost no
communication chance
skills; to most
therefore, improve this majors
non-speech skill (as
have
little or no opportunity for structured practice with competent
cited in Cronin & Glenn, 1991, p.356).
evaluation to refine and reinforce their oral communication
skills. (p.356)
Task: Summarize the text and insert a proper in-text citation for
secondary source.
 Special rules
7. Citations for source with two authors

In the signal (introductory

phrase), name both authors using
the word “and”

According to Sothern and Gordon (2003), “Environmental

factors may contribute as much as 80% to the causes of
childhood obesity” (p. 104).

Obese children often engage in limited physical activity

(Sothern & Gordon, 2003, p. 104).

In the parentheses, name

both authors using the
symbol “&”
 Special rules
8. Citations for source with three to five authors
First time: name all authors in the signal
phrase using “and” before last author. In
case of parentheses, replace and with “&”

In 2003, Berkowitz, Wadden, Tershakovec, and Cronquist concluded,

“Sibutramine … must be carefully monitored in adolescents, as in
adults, to control increases in [blood pressure] and pulse rate” (p.
1811).
Subsequent citations: name the first
author’s name and use “et al.” (meaning
colleagues) for the other authors, in
either signal phrase or parentheses.

Berkowitz et al. (2003) concluded, “Sibutramine … must be carefully

monitored in adolescents, as in adults, to control increases in [blood
pressure] and pulse rate” (p. 1811).
 Special rules
9. Citations for source with six or more authors

Name the first author and use “et al.” for

the other ones in either the signal phrase
or parentheses.

McDuffie et al. (2002) tested 20 adolescents, aged 12-16,

over a three-month period and found that orlistat,
combined with behavioral therapy, produced an average
weight loss of 4.4 kg, or 9.7 pounds (p. 646).
 Special rules
10. Citations for two or more sources in the same parentheses

Researchers have indicated that studies of pharmacological

treatments for childhood obesity are inconclusive
(Berkowitz et al., 2003; McDuffie et al., 2002).

Use alphabetical order to name the

authors and use semicolons “;” to
separate sources.
 Special rules
11. Citations for source of authors with the same last name

(E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)

To avoid confusion, use initials with the

last names
 Special rules
12. Citations for two or more works
by the same author in the same year

If there are more than two sources by the

same author in the same year, use lower-
case letters (a, b, c) with the year.

Research by Durgin (2003b) has yielded new findings about

the role of counseling in treating childhood obesity.
 THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION!