GUJARAT POWER

ENGINEERING &
RESEARCH INSTITUTE

PROF. KETAN
LAKHTARIA
ASSISTANT PROFFESOR
CIVIL DEPARTMENT
Patel Vivek P.
G.P.E.R.I MEWAD (151040106034)
Prajapati Ronak
(151040106041)
Rajgor Gopal
QUALITY OF WATER: PHYSICAL
AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
P H Y S I C A L WAT E R Q U A L I T Y
C H E M I C A L WAT E R Q U A L I T Y
 PHYSICAL QUALITY PARAMETER

1. Temperature
2. Colour
3. Taste and odour
4. Turbidity
5. Conductivity
 1. TEMPERATURE

 For drinking purpose temperature around 10 C are

highly desirable,while temperature above 25 C are
considered objectionable.
 2. COLOUR

 Pure water is colourless, but water get coloured due

to presence of foreign substance.
 Colour of water is due to substances in the true
solution or in colloidal suspension.
 Colour imparted by suspended matter is said to be
apparent colour and that by dissolved solid is called
true colour
 An instrument called tintometer can be used to
measure the colour.
 For drinking purpose the colour number on cobalt
scale should not exceed 20 and should be
preferably less than 10.
 3. TASTE AND ODOUR

 Pure water should be odourless and should have a

fairly good taste.
 Taste and odour is due to presence of dissolve gases
such as H2S, CH4, CO2, O2 etc, dissolved organic
matter, algae, mineral salts like NaCL, iron
compounds, chemicals like phenols, tarry substance,
industrial waste etc.
 Odour is measured in terms of threshold number.
The minimum odour that can be delected is called
Threshold odour Number (TON).
 The value of TON is determined as follows
TON = A+B/A
 A=Volume of sample in ml
 B=Volume of distilled water
 For public water supplies TON should not be
greater than 3
 An instrument called osmoscope having two tubes
is use for odour test.
 4. TURBIDITY

 Turbidity is a measure of the extent to which light is

either absorbed or scattered by the suspended matter
is water.
 The turbidity depends upon the fine ness and
concentration of particles present in water.
 Turbidity measured by
1. Turbidity rod
2. Jackson turbidimeter
 3. Baylis turbidimeter
4. Nephlometer
 Turbidity is expressed by amount of suspended
matter in parts per million (PPM) by weight in
water.
 For water 1 ppm is equivalent to 1 mg/liter.
 The standard unit of turbidity is that produced by
1 part of finely divided silica in million parts of
distilled water.
 JTU(jackson turbidity unit obtain by
nephlometer) and NTU(nephlometric turbidity
unit by nephlometer) are also the unit in which
turbidity is measured.
 Jackson turbidimeter cannot be used for
measuring turbidity less than 25 JTU. (1 JTU
=1ppm).
 For measuring lesser turbidity Baylis turbidimeter
is used. It can measured turbidity lower then 5
ppm also accurately.
 Nephometer has a very wide range (0 to 2000
ppm)
 The permissible limit of turbidity for public water
supplies is 5 to 10 ppm.
 5.CONDUCTIVITY

 It gives an idea about the dissolved solid in water.

Greater the amount of dissolved solids higher will be
the conductivity.
 It can be measured easily with help of conductivity
meter. The average value of conductivity for potable
water should be less than 2 mho/cm.
 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

1. Total solids
2. Chlorides
3. Hardness
4. PH
5. Alkalinity
6. Acidity
7. Nitrogen and its compounds
8. Metals and other chemical substances
9. Dissolved guses
 1. TOTAL SOLIDS

 Total solids include both suspended as well as

dissolve solids.
 The total permissible amount of solids in generally
limited to 500 ppm, although higher amount up to
1000 ppm are also sometimes permitted, but are
likely to produce psychosomatic effects on human
beings.
 Dissolved solids can also be determined indirectly
by measuring conductivity of water.
 Total solids will be sum of suspended and dissolved
solids.
 2. CHLORIDES

 Chlorides are generally present in water in the form

of calcuim, magnesium and sodium chloride and
may be due to leaching of marine sedimentary
deposits, pollution from sea water, brine or
industrial and domestic waste.
 Their concentration above 250 mg/l produce a
noticeable salty taste in drinking water and are thus
objectionable.
 It can be determined by titrating the water with
standard silver nitrate solution using potassium
chremate as indicator.
 The chloride content of treated water to be
supplied to the public should not exceed a value of
about 250 mg/l.
 3. HARDNESS

 Hardness is caused by bicarbonates, carbonates,

sulphates, chlorides and nitrates of calcium and
magnesium.
 The hard water is not unfit for drinking.
 Too soft water is tasteless.
 Total hardness is composed of
1. Temporary hardness or carbonate hardness
2. Permanent hardness or non carbonate hardness.
 Temporary hardness is due to presence of
carbonates and bicarbonates of calcium and
magnesium. It can be easily removed by either
boiling or adding lime to the water.
 Hardness can be determine by versanate method
using EDTA (DiEthylene diamine tetaacitic acid)
solution for titration and Erio chrome black T as
indicator.
 The prescribed hardness limit for public supplied
range between 75 to 115 ppm.
 4. PH

 The PH value of water indicates the logarithm of

reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration present in
water. It is thus an indicator of the acidity or the
alkalinity of water.
 PH+ pOH = 14
 The value of acidic water varies from 0 to 7 and that
of alkaline water varies from 7 to 14. neutral water
has a value of 7.
• PH can be measured by potentiometer
and also by using the colour in dicators
which are added to the water and the
colour produce is compared with the
standard colour of know ph values.
• Permissible PH range for public water
supplies is 6.5 to 7.5
 5.ALKALINITY

• It is caused by carbonates, bicarbonates and

hydroxides of sodium, calcium and
magnesium.
• Excessive alkalinity can cause bitter teste,
incrustation in pipes and also interfere in
coagulation. The alkalinity is expressed in
terms of mg/l of calcium carbonate.
• This may be determined by titrating the
sample against standard acid using methyl
orange as indicator.
 6.ACIDITY

• Acidity is caused by the presence of mineral

acids, free carbon dioxide, sulphates of iron
aluminum in water.
• Acidity is determined by titration the sample
against standard sodium hydroxide and
phenolphthalein or methyl orange as an
indicator.
 7.NITROGEN AND COMPOUND
• The presence of mitrogen in water an
indication of presence of the organic
matter and may occur in one or more of
the following forms.
a. Free ammonia
b. Albuminoid or organic nitrogen
c. Nitrites
d. nitrates
• For potable water free ammonia should not
exceed 0.15 mg/l. it can be measured by
boiling the water and measuring the
Liberated ammonia gas distillation process.
• The sum total of ammonia nitrogen and the
organic nitrogen is called kjheldahl nitrogen
• The nitrate concentration in domestic water
supplies is limited to 45 mg/l.
• If nitrate are present in higher quantity it
adversely affect the health of infants,
causing a disease called
mathemoglobinomia.
• Children suffering from this disease may
vomit; their skin colour may become dark
and may die in extreme case.
• Nitrite are very dangerous so there
permissible limit is nil.
• Nitrites and nitrates are measured by
colour matching techniques.
• As nitrates represent fully oxidized organic
matter its presence in water is not
dangerous
 8.METALS AND OTHER CHEMICAL SUBSTAN

 IRON AND MANGANESE:

• Iron and manganese should be greater
than 0.3 ppm and 0.05 ppm in
concentration in public water supplies
respectively. They impart color to the
water.
• Above 0.3 ppm and 0.05 ppm of iron and
managenese respectively causes teste,
coloration of clothes ,plumbing fixtures
and floors etc;
• And incrustation in water mains due to the
deposition of ferric hydroxide and
managanese oxide.

 Fluoride:
• A fluoride cocentration less than 0.5 mg/l
causes dental caries due to formation of
excessive cavities in the teeth of young
children during calcination of their
permanent teeth.
• Higher fluoride concentration greater than
1.5 ppm or so can cause skeletal fluorosis as
well as spotting and discoloration of teeth.
• Permissible fluorides content in water
supply is 0.5 to1.5 mg/l.
 9.DISSOLVED GASES

Important gases which are dissolved in

the water are

1. Dissolve oxygen(DO)
2. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
3. Hydrogen sulphide(H2S)
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
• Surface water get dissolve oxygen either
from atmosphere or due to activity of algae
present in water. The amount of DO in
water is related to the temprature.
• At 20 C it is around 9.2 mg/lit while at 30
C it is around 7.6 mg/lit. higher the
temperature lesser will be the dissolved
oxygen. Its content in water is also
dependent upon the amount and character
of the organic matter present in water , as
microoraganisms requires DO for aerobic
decomposition of the biodegradable
• Adequate DO is necessary for the life of the
fish and other aquatic organisms.
• Higher DO concentration increases
corrisivity of water. It gives good teste to
the water.
• The dissolve oxygen can be determine by
using modified Winkler method or by DO
meter.
Thank You