DATABASE SYSTEMS II

Chapter 1

Introduction to Database System

Amoud University
Faculty of Computing and ICT
Senior BBIT

Lecturer : Samakaab Basha

 Objectives

 Data  Database Administrators and

 Information Database Users
 Database  Tables: Rows and Columns

 Database Management  Advantages of DBMS

System (DBMS)  Disadvantages of DBMS
 History of DBMS  What Is SQL?
 Why Use a DBMS?  Popular Types of DBMS
 Relational Database  Database Keys
 Features of DBMS
 Data and Information
 Data
 These are raw facts.
 They can also be defined as unprocessed
information with no meaning
 Information
This is processed data that is meaningful.

 When data are processed, interpreted, organized, structured or

presented so as to make them meaningful or useful, they are
called information.
 What is a Database ?

 Database is a collection of information that is

organized so that it can easily be accessed,
managed, and updated.
 Database is an organized collection and
arrangement of data.
 Database is organized because they are stored
in tables and tables consist of row and column.
 Database (DB) is collection of related data.
 Database is usually large collection of data
organized especially for rapid search and
retrieval.
Database Example
 Database Management System (DBMS)

 DBMS : is a collection of software programs that are used to

define, construct, maintain and manipulate data in a database.
 DBMS : This is a software package that is used to
manipulate data in the database
 DBMS : is a set of software programs that allows users to
create, edit and update data in database files, and store and
retrieve data from those database files.
 DBMS : Is software programs that controls the organization,
storage, management, and retrieval of data in a database.
 History of DBMS

 First DBMS: Bachman at General Electric, early 60’s

(Network Data Model). Standardized by CODASYL.
 Late 60’s : IBM’s IMS (Inf. Mgmt.Sys.) (Hierarchical
Data Model).
 1970: Edgar Codd (at IBM) proposed the Relational
Data Model. Strong theoretical basis.
 1980’s -90’s: Relational model consolidated. Research
on query languages and data models => logic-based
languages, OO DBMSs => Object-relational data
model (extend DBMSs with new data types)
 Why Use a DBMS?

 Data independence and efficient access.

 Reduced application development time.
 Data integrity and security. Different users may
access different data subsets.
 Uniform data administration.
 Recovery from crashes.
 Relational Database

 Relational database consists of tables that are

related using certain keys.

 A relational database is a set of formally

described tables from which data can be accessed
or reassembled in many different ways without
having to reorganize the database tables.
 Features of DBMS
 Query ability
 Backup and Replication
 Rule Enforcement
 Security
 Computation
 Change and access logging
 Database Administrators and Database Users
 A primary goal of a database system is to retrieve information
from and store new information in the database. People who work
with a database can be categorized as database users or database
administrators
 Database Users
There are four different types of database-system users,
differentiated by the way they expect to interact with the system.
(Native, Sophisticated, Specialized, Application Programmers)
 Database Administrator
One of the main reasons for using DBMSs is to have central
control of both the data and the programs that access those data. A
person who has such central control over the system is called a
database administrator (DBA).
 Tables: Rows and Columns
Tablescan have hundreds, thousands, sometimes even millions of
rows of data. These rows are often called records.
Tables can also have many columns of data. Columns are labeled
with a descriptive name and have a specific data type.
 The Advantages of a DBMS

 Data administration.
 Better Access To Data.
 User-friendly.
 Improved data security.
 Data Sharing Is Improved In The Organization.
 Integrity.
 Data Independence.
 Backup and Recovery.
 The Disadvantages of a DBMS
 Cost: Implementing a DBMS system can be expensive and time-
consuming, especially in large organizations. Training
requirements alone can be quite costly.
 Security: Even with safeguards in place, it may be possible for
some unauthorized users to access the database. In general,
database access is an all or nothing proposition.
 Management complexity.
 Compatibility.
 WHAT IS SQL?

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a

programming language used to communicate
with data stored in a relational database
management system. SQL syntax is similar to the
English language, which makes it relatively easy
to write, read, and interpret.
 Query a DBMS
 A DBMS provides a Query Language.
 Query languages allow querying and updating a
DBMS in a simple way.
 Most popular DML (Data Manipulation Language) :
SQL(Structured Query Language).
 Queries:
 List the name of student with ID=1073
 Name and age of students enrolled in CSCD34
 Popular Types of DBMS

SQLite is a popular open source SQL database.

MySQL is the most popular open source SQL database.
PostgreSQL is an open-source SQL database
Oracle DB owned by Oracle Corporation, and the code
is not open sourced.
SQL Server DB owned by Microsoft. Like Oracle DB,
the code is close sourced.
 Database keys
Primary key

 Value unique for each record in a table

 This value can not be used twice
 AutoNumber guarantees uniqueness but does not carry any
useful information
Foreign keys

 Used to create relationships between tables

 No uniqueness constraint for foreign keys
END