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LINGUISTICS
1. Introduction& Definitions
•Linguistics neglected this field in the second half of the 20th century, and
linguists concentrated on applied research into other topics such as those
related to teaching a second language, language policy and language
planning or computational linguistics.
* There are also a number of journals that are compulsory readings for the
speech therapist such as:
A. Advances in Speech Language Pathology
B. Augmentative & Alternative Communication
Who are the professionals involved in the care and treatment of language
handicapped people?
1. Speech and language pathologists
2. Therapists
3. School teachers
4. Educational & clinical psychologists
5. Pediatricians
6. Social workers
Clinical linguistics deals with all types of speech and language disorders.
Language Disorder:
It is a disorder that is found in the development or use of the knowledge of
language. It involves the processing of linguistic information. It shows the
breakdown in the development of language abilities on the usual developmental
schedule. It includes disorders like:
•Autism
•Learning ability ( refers to reading, writing, listening and mathematical disorders)
•Mental retardation
•Specific language impairment
•Developmental phonological disorders
•aphasia
•Schizophrenia
•Dysarthria
•Dyspraxia
-Language disorders are related to :
•Grammar (syntax, morphology)
•Semantics ( meaning)
•Other aspects of language
B. Fluency Disorders:
The problems that are related to the efforts, continuity and speed in
producing a speech such as : stuttering and cluttering.
C. Voice disorders: It refers to the function of the larynx, the pitch,
loudness or quality of the voice that differ from the normal standard
voice due to some problems in the vocal mechanisms such as: phonation
and resonance.
What are the causes of speech pathology?
Most of the time the reason is not known, but still there are various
known causes of speech disorders such as:
•Hearing Loss
•Neurological Disorder
• Brain Injury
•Mental Retardation
•Drug Abuse
•Cleft lip and Palate
•Child Abuse
•Learning Disability
•Cerebral Palsy
1. Clarification:
The aim of CL is to clarify the areas of confusion found in the traditional
classification of disabilities. Clinical linguistics aims at clarifying overlapping
terms for types and symptoms of dishoarded linguistics behavior by using
an explicit criteria which contribute to mutual comprehension of the
problem by using at least the same terminology. For example, what one
author might describe as an articulation error, others might describe it as a
dyslalia, pronunciation defect or phonetic handicap.
2. Description
A major area of CL is to provide ways of describing and analyzing the
linguistic behavior of the patients and of the clinicians and others who
interact with them. CL aims at establishing a system in what often seems to
be random.
3. Diagnosis:
An important aim of CL is to provide a classification of a patient’s linguistic
behavior, as part of the process of differential diagnosis. Long time ago, the
diagnosis of language disability was carried out on medical basis only.
Identifying the problem as impaired anatomy, physiology, neurology, aphasia,
dyspraxia, dysphonia, and many other symptoms.
But, there were many patients with language disability recorded without
having any medical reason for their problems, and it became evident that a
purely medical models of investigation will not be enough to find solutions.
Some children who suffer from language delay, do not have a clear medical
explanation for their condition.
4. Assessment
CL is also involved in devising a sophisticated assessment of abnormal linguistics
behavior. While diagnosis tells us what is wrong with a patient, assessment tells us
just how seriously the patient is wrong.
5. Intervention:
The ultimate goal of CL is to formulate hypotheses for the remediation of
abnormal linguistic behavior. It provides the clinicians with the needed diagnosis
to make judgments about what to teach next, the kind of teaching material used
and the setting in which the interaction takes place.