GROUP 1

1) MUHAMMAD AIZZAT BIN ROSDIN (A16 PP0024)

2) MARYAM AISYAH BINTI KHAIRUL AMIN (A16PP0017)
 The process of steps used to collect and analyse
information to increase our understanding of topic or
issue.
 GENERAL STEPS

3. Present an answer
1. Pose a question
to the question

2. Collect data to
answer the question
 1. Adds to Our
Knowledge 3. Informs Policy
i. Means that educator undertake research
Debates
to contribute to existing information
about issue. i. Become better practitioners
ii. Also provide additional result to confirm ii. Also provide information to policy makers
or disconfirm result of prior studies. when they research and debate educational
IMPORTANCE topics.

2. Improves Practice 4. Several Problem

with Research today
i. It suggests improvement for practice.
ii. Make educator become more effective i. Research accumulate slowly and seems
professional which turns into better contradict to make sense in time.
learning for kids. ii. Issues of questionable data
iii. Unclear statement about the intent of the
study.
The Research Process Cycle…
Identifying a Research Problem
• Specifying a problem
• Justifying it
• Suggesting the need to study it
for audiences
Reporting and
Evaluation Research
• Deciding on
audiences
• Structuring the report
• Writing the report
sensitively
Specifying a Purpose for
Reviewing the Literature Research
• Locating resources • Identifying the purpose
• Selecting resources statement
• Summarizing • Narrowing the purpose
resources statement to research
question or hypothesis
Analyzing and
Interpreting Data Collecting Data
• Breaking down the • Selecting individuals to
data study
• Representing the • Obtaining permessions
data • Gathering information
• Explaining the data
 Providing a
major role for
the literature
Describing a Creating purpose
research statement,
problem research
questions and
hypotheses

Characteristics
of Quantitative
Research
Analyzing trends,
comparing
Collecting groups, or
numebric data relating variable
using statistical
Writing the
analysis
research report
using standard,
fixed structures
 Characteristics of Qualitative
Research

Colleting data based on words Exploring a problem and

developing a detailed
understanding

Analyzing the data for

description and themes using Having literature review play a
text analysis minor role but justify the
problem

Writing the report using

Stating the purpose and
flexible, emerging structure
research questions in a general
Similarities and differences between quantitative and Qualitative Research
Basic For comparison Qualitative Research
Meaning Qualitative Research is a
method of inquiry that
develops understanding of
human and social sciences, to
find the way people think and
feel.
Nature Holistic
Approach Subjective
Research Type Exploratory
Hypothesis Generated
Elements of analysis Word, picture and object
Objective To explore and discover idea
used in the ongoing proses
Method Non-structured technique like
in depth interview, grop
discussion and etc.
Quantitative Research
Quantitative Research is a
method that used to generate
numberic data and hard fact,
by employing statistical, logical
and mathematical technique.
Practicularistic
Objective
Conclusive
Tested
Numberic data
To examine cause and effect
relationship between variable
Structured technique such as
survey, questionaires and
observations
 Research Designs Associated with Quantitative and Qualitative

 Experimental Design : Experimental designs (also called intervention studies or group comparison
studies) are procedures in quantitative research in which the investigator determines whether an
activity or materials make a difference in results for participants
 Correlational Designs : Correlational designs are procedures in quantitative research in which
investigators measure the degree of association (or relation) between two or more variables using the
statistical procedure of correlational analysis
 Survey Designs : Survey designs are procedures in quantitative research in which you administer a
survey or questionnaire to a small group of people (called the sample) to identify trends in attitudes,
opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a large group of peo- ple (called the population).
 Grounded Theory Designs : Grounded theory designs are systematic, qualitative procedures that
researchers use to generate a general explanation (grounded in the views of participants, called a
grounded theory) that explains a process, action, or interaction among people.
 Research Designs Associated with Quantitative and Qualitative

 Ethnographic Design : Ethnographic designs are qualitative procedures for describing,

analyzing, and interpreting a cultural group’s shared patterns of behavior, beliefs, and language
that develop over time. In ethnography, the researcher provides a detailed picture of the culture-
sharing group, drawing on various sources of information
 Narrative Research Designs : Narrative research designs are qualitative procedures in which
researchers describe the lives of individuals, collect and tell stories about these individuals’ lives,
and write narratives about their experiences.
 Mixed Methods design : Mixed methods designs are procedures for collecting, analyzing, and
mixing both quantitative and qualitative data in a single study or in a multiphase series of studies
 Action Research Design : Action research designs are systematic procedures used by teachers
(or other individuals in an educational setting) to gather quantitative and qualitative data to
address improvements in their educational setting, their teaching, and the learning of their
students
 • Campus offices developed to monitor adherence to these three
Institutional principles, and offices of institutional review boards emerged.
• Federal funds could be withheld from campuses if research
Review Boards conducted on those campuses did not protect the treatment of
participants.
Important
Ethical
• According to these guidelines, individuals who participate in a study
Issues In Professional have certain rights.
• Before participating in research, individuals need to know the
Conducting Associations purpose and aims of the study, how the results will be used, and the
likely social consequences the study will have on their lives
Research

Ethical Pratices • Practicing ethics is a complex matter that involves much

more than merely following a set of static guidelines such
throughout the as those from professional associations or conforming to
Research Process guidelines from campus institutional review boards
 • Other ethical issues arise in data collection and are
Some Ethical associated with specific types of research designs. You need
Issues in Data to not purposefully deprive some participants of helpful
Important treatments, only publish positive results, or fail to disclose
Collection the purpose of the study to participants.
Ethical
Issues In
Conducting
Research • Educational researchers have an ethical mandate to produce
Some Ethical research that is of high quality, and to report their results that
convey basic assumptions they are making.
issues in Data • This also means that research should not sit unpublished
Reporting and that researchers should openly share their findings
(Brown & Hedges, 2009)
 Solving
Puzzles

Skill Needed
Lengthening Wtiting,
Your to Design Editing and
Attention More
Span and Conduct Writing

Research

Learning to
use library
Resources
 CONCLUSION

1) Keep in mind that research need to be valuable to educator

2) Use general framework of six steps for thinking about your plans and conduct of
research
3) As you plan and conduct a study, discuss specifically the characteristics of the
quantitative and qualitative approach you are using
4) Recognize that research is not either all quantitative or all qualitative, but tends
toward one or the other.
5) Be ethical in conducting research. Respect the rights of the participants, research
sites, and individuals who will be the readers of your study.