DEE1012 & MEASUREMENT

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME

CLO 1, CLO2

• apply the concept of measurement principles

and measuring equipment in electrical and
electronic measurement. (C3, PLO1)

• solve problems of electrical and electronic

circuit using appropriate measuring
operations and theorems. (C3, PLO2)
 LEARNING OUTCOME

i. Know the measurement process

ii. Knowelement in measurement system
iii. Understandmeasurement terminologies
iv. Know error in measurement
v. Understand types of error
vi. Understand characteristics of measurement
vii. Understand standards used in measurement
 TOPIC 1
Measurement and error (02:02)
 Definition of The Measurement
Process

• The process of determining the amount,

degree, or capacity by comparison ( direct
or indirect) with the accepted standards of
the system units being used. (Electronic
measurement, H.s Kalsi)
The Measurement Process
• The process by which physical parameters can be
converted to meaningful numbers. (Bhavani and
Vasantha)
• In other word measurement an estimation of a physical
parameter (quantity) by a measurement device
(instrument).
Measurement
input signal output signal
Instrument
(physical (Measurement System)
(electrical parameter)
parameter)
Fig.1.0 Basic of Measurement process
 Element in Measurement System
In measurement system we have three (3)
elements, which are :
1. Primary Sensing Element
2. Variable manipulation element
3. Data presentation element
i. Primary sensing element or transducer/sensor
Sense and converts the input signal to a more
convenient and practicable form (example:
electrical signal)
ii. Variable manipulation element
process the transducer signal (electrical signal) to
make it suitable for application to data
presentation element
iii. Data presentation element
an indication of the value of the measurement
(readout device / display / recording etc ).
Example : Measurement System in Analog meter

Variable Manipulation

Block Diagram o an ammeter

 Measurement terminologies
i. Scale
– A series of marks at regular intervals on an instrument that is
used for measuring.
– The scale is depending on the range.

ii. Range
– The minimum and maximum values of a quantity for
which an instrument is designed to measure is called
its range .
– E.g ammeter range : 0mA to 5 mA
Reading Analogue scales

Scale

0.4V Range
0.2V
0.02V
Example .

Figure 3.0 shows the scale panel of analog multi

meter. When the range selector is set at DC 2.5V,
what is
i. The maximum range of the meter
ii. The reading value of one scale
iii. The voltage reading pointed by the pointer
 Error in measurement
Definition of error :
The deviation/ different between true values
(computed) and measured values of
quantities

• Factors that affect the measurements are related to

 the measuring instruments
 the person using the instrument

• Error may be expressed either as absolute or as

percentage relative error
 Types of error
1) Gross Error
2) Systematic Error
3) Random Error
4) Absolute Error
5) Relative Error
1) Gross Error

 Fault of person using the instruments such as

incorrect reading , incorrect recording of data or
incorrect use of instruments.
 can be reduced :
by proper meter reading and connection, avoid
careless etc.
2) Systematic Error

Due to problems with instruments, environmental

effects, or observational error
i. Instrument errors may be due to friction in bearing
of the meter, incorrect spring tension, improper
calibration or faulty instruments.
ii. Environmental errors is Environmental conditions in
which instruments are used may cause errors
(Example : high temperature/ pressure /
humidity/strong electrostatic or electromagnetic
field.
 2) Systematic Error

iii. Observable errors are those errors introduced by

the observer. Probably the parallax error in reading a
meter scale and the error of estimation
 Can be reduced :
proper maintenance, use and handling of instruments
and minimized those effect magnetic shield
3) Random Error

 These are errors that remain after gross and

systematic errors have been substantially reduced.
 These errors are due to unknown causes.
 Can be minimized (reduced)
by taking many reading of each instrument and
analyzed statistically (determining mean value).
•
4) Absolute Error

 Absolute (actual) error is the differences

between the expected value and the
measured value , or

where,
= absolute error
= Expected value
= Measured value
5) Relative Error

 Relative error is how much error you had

compared to the real measurement
 EXAMPLE
•Question:
The measured value of a resistance is 10.25Ω, where as its value
is 10.22Ω. Determine the absolute error of measurement.

Solution:
Given :
Measured value, =10.25Ω
True value , =10.22Ω

Absolute error
= | 10.22 Ω -10.25 Ω |
= 0.03 Ω

 Page 21
 Characteristic of measurement
•1. Accuracy
how close to indicating to the actual value.

%
2. Precision
is a measure of the consistency or repeatability of
measurements
3. Resolution
The smallest change in a measured variable to
which an instrument will respond.
It is very near to sensitivity

4. Significant Figure
A number are those digits that carry meaning
contributing to its precision
Example : 68Ω, 69Ω - two significant figures.
68.0Ω, 67.9Ω - three significant figures
 Standard used in measurement

a. International Standards
b. The Primary standards
c. Secondary standards
d. Working standards
a. International Standards
 Define by international agreement.
 They represent certain units of measurement to the
closest possibly accuracy that production and
measurement technology allow.
 Maintained at the international Bureau of Weight
and Measures in Paris
 Example BSI(British Standard Institution),
IEC(international Electro technical commission) and
ISO (International Organization for Standard)
b. The Primary standards
Maintained at national standard laboratories in different
countries.
Not available for use outside the national laboratories.
Function - calibration and verification of secondary standards.
EXAMPLE : SI : KG, POUND. (L , GELEN)

c. Secondary standards
It is basic reference standards used in industrial measurement
laboratories.
Each industry has its own secondary standard. Example: SIRIM,
Timbang & Sukat kem. Perdagangan & perindustrian, Pusat
penyelidikan pertahanan, local universiti and industries
d. Working standards
 The principle tools of a measurements laboratory.
 They are used to check and calibrate the
instruments used in laboratory or to make
comparison measurements in industrial
application.
 Example : Instrumentation laboratory (The
resistor manufacturing industry maintains a
standard resistor in the laboratory for checking
the values of the manufactured resistors)
 Tutorial
1) Describe the meaning of:
i. Error.
ii. Accuracy.
iii. Measurement.
iv. Precision.
2) Explain three of the types of error below:
v. Gross error
vi. Systematic error
vii. Random error
 REFERENCES
• Kalsi, H.S. (2004). Electronic Instrumentation. New
Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.
• Bakshi U.A, Bakshi A.V. (2009). Electronic
Instrumentation, Technical Publications,
• Bhavani V, Vasantha S. (2008). Measurements &
Instrumentation, IBS
• Helfrick & Cooper (2008). Modern Electronic
Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques,
Prentice Hall of India
• Stephen L.Herman (2010) .Standard Textbook of
Electricity, 5th Edition. Delmar Cengage Learning