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Documente Cultură
Keith Oatley
University of Toronto, Canada
Oatley, K., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (2014). Cognitive approaches to emotions. Trends in Cognitive
Sciences, 18, 134-140.
Fundamental method of studying emotions:
Emotion diaries
Emotion diary records of 47 employed men and women, classified into five
kinds of emotions
Keith Oatley & Elaine Duncan (1994). The experience of emotions in everyday life. Cognition and
Emotion, 8, 369-381.
Emotions are communications to the self,
but not always understandable
Happiness — cooperation
Anger — conflict
She says:
I pray thee gentle mortal, sing again.
Mine ear is much enamoured of thy note;
And thy fair virtue’s force perforce doth move me
On the first view to say, to swear, I love thee (3, 1, 130-133).
A joint error … cartoon by Peg Parsons
Event-prompted diaries: Mean ratings, on 0-10 scales, given by participants for the
importance to them of the joint plan in which an error occurred and of the
relationship with the other person involved in the plan, in Italy and in Canada.
Ilaria Grazzani-Gavazzi & Keith Oatley (1999). The experience of emotions of interdependence and
independence following interpersonal errors in Italy and Anglophone Canada. Cognition and
Emotion, 13, 49-63.
A conception of empathy
Frederique de Vignemont & Tania Singer (2006). The empathetic brain: How,
when, and why. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 435-441.
Four empathetic modes of emotion
Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1978). Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder
in women. London: Tavistock.
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T., E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Taylor, A., et al. (2003). Influence on
life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301,
386-389.
Oatley, K., & Bolton, W. (1985). A social-cognitive theory of depression in reaction to life events.
Psychological Review, 92, 372-388.
Oatley, K. (2007). Slings and arrows: Depression and life events. The Psychologist, 20, 228-230.
Sadness and depression
.
Depression and some anxiety states have the same
structure of causation, and are based on the same
underlying processes as ordinary emotions of sadness
and fear, in relation to losses and dangers.
Mayberg, H. S., Liotti, M., Brannan, S. K., McGinnis, S., Maharin, R., K., Jerabek, P. A., et
al. (1999). Reciprocal limbic cortical function and negative mood: Converging PET
findings in depression and normal sadness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156,
675-682.
Some current approaches to therapy
Emotion focused therapy, understanding one’s emotions
(e.g. Greenberg, 2008)
Cognitive-behavioural therapy, keeping diaries,
understanding what gives rise to emotions (see outcome
studies)
Psychoanalytic therapy as developing a story in which
intentions have gone missing (Freud’s case of “Dora”)
more recently Fonagy & Leyten’s (2009) mentalization
therapy, based on attachment and theory-of-mind
Cuijpers, P., van Stratton, A., Andersson, G., & van Oppen, P. (2008).
Psychotherapy for depression in adults: A meta-analytic review of
comparative outcome studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 76, 909-922.
Greenberg, L. S. (2008). The clinical application of emotion in psychotherapy.
In M. Lewis, J. Haviland-Jones & L. Feldman-Barratt (Eds.), Handbook of
emotions, third edition (pp. 88-101). New York: Guilford.
Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2009). A developmental, mentalization-based
approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality
disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 1355-1381.
The importance of narrative
Bruner (1986) has explained that narrative is an account of
human intentions and their vicissitudes. It therefore has
the same basis as that of the causation of emotions in
relation to goals and events that affect them.
Ryle, A & Kerr, I (2002). Introducing Cognitive Analytic Therapy: Principles and
Practice. Chichester: Wiley.
Approaches to therapy
The second kind of effect (found by Maja Djikic and me with other
colleagues) is that through fiction that is artistic we can change our
personalities by small amounts, not by means of persuasion, but in
our own way. This effect is mediated by readers’ emotions. It’s
dependent on the literary works being art rather than being designed
to produce some particular emotional effect, as occurs, for instance,
with thrillers, or being designed to persuade.
Oatley, K. (2011). In the minds of others. Scientific American Mind, 22(6), 62-67.
Art as enabling emotion-based change of
personality
First: Fiction. Maja Djikic and I (with other colleagues) assigned people
to read either Anton Chekhov’s short story “The lady with the little dog”
or a control text. Before and after this, we measured Big Five
personality traits and intensity of ten emotions.
The story is about a man who, while staying at a seaside resort, meets a
woman whom he has seen walking with her dog. They begin an affair
and at the end of their holiday they part. But their feelings for each other
become stronger, and more important than anything else in their lives.
Djikic, M., Oatley, K., Zoeterman, S., & Peterson, J. (2009). On being moved by art: How
reading fiction transforms the self. Creativity Research Journal, 21, 24-29.
Effects of reading Chekhov’s “The lady with the little dog” (art) compared
with a courtroom account of the same events (control):
Means of composite traits and emotions after reading, controlled for composite
traits and emotions before reading.
Maja Djikic, Keith Oatley, Sara Zoeterman, & Jordan Peterson (2008). On being moved by art:
How reading fiction transforms the self. Creativity Research Journal, 20.
1
Traits Em otions
0.9
Indices of Change
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Control Art
Condition
Note. N = 166.
Transformation of the self
Søren Kierkegaard, S. (1846). Concluding unscientific postscript (D. F. Swenson & W. Lowrie, Trans.).
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (This publication 1968).
Art and the projection of our own meanings
Djikic, M., & Oatley, K. (under revision). The art in fiction: From indirect communication
to self-development. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts.
Computational issues
Frijda, N. H., & Swagerman, J. (1987). Can computers feel? Theory and design of
an emotional system. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 235-257.
Wright, I. Beaudoin, L. Sloman, A. (1996). Towards a design-based analysis of
emotional episodes. Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology, 3, 101-126.
Mateas, M., & Stern, A. (2007). Writing Facade: A case study in procedural
authorship. In P. Harrigan & N. Wardrip-Fruin (Eds.), Second person: Role-
playing and story in games and playable media (pp. 183-208). Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press.
Aubé, M. (2009). Unfolding commitments management: A systemic view of
emotions. In J. Valverdu & D. Casacuberta (Eds.), Handbook of research on
synthetic emotions and sociable robotics: New applications in affective
computing and artificial intelligence (pp. 198-227). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
Nico Frijda’s types of action readiness
The approach that Phil Johnson-Laird and I are taking to model our theory
is to use our 1989 semantic analysis of emotion terms, and to input
episodes of emotion. These will be in narrative form collected from
people, including people with current disorders. These episodes will be
analyzed for events, goals and emotion terms, and also for emotional
mood using Pennebaker et al’s (2001) Linguistic Inquiry and Word
Count. We will then infer what emotion is being experienced. The output
of the program will be predictions of kinds of action that are likely, and of
changes could take place in the formulation. The program will be
designed have a conversational interface, in which the emotional
episodes can be discussed.
Thank you
From Indian poetics: everyday and literary emotions
Bhava Rasa
sexual delight the amorous or erotic
laughter the comic
sorrow the pitiable or tragic
anger the furious
perseverence the heroic
fear the terrible
disgust or disillusion the odious or loathsome
wonder the marvelous
serenity the peaceful
Effects of reading fiction and non-fiction
on social abilities
If fiction is a simulation of the social world, a prediction follows. People who read a
lot of fiction may possess enhanced theory-of-mind (empathetic) abilities, and
social skills.
This prediction was tested by examining lifetime exposure to fiction and non-
fictional texts as measured by Keith Stanovich & Richard West’s Author
Recognition Checklist, and investigating whether such exposure could predict
performance on:
Raymond Mar, Keith Oatley, Jacob Hirsh, Jennifer dela Paz, & Jordan Peterson (2006). Bookworms
versus nerds: The social abilities of fiction and non-fiction readers. Journal of Research in Personality,
40, 694-712.
Simon Baron-Cohen et al. (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test Revised version: A
(Baron-Cohen
study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger's syndrome or high-functioning et al.,Journal
autism. 2001)
of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 241-251.
Partial correlations between exposure to fiction or non-fiction (ART) and
two measures of social ability: Mind in the Eyes (MIE) and Interpersonal
Perception Task (IPT-15). (Raymond Mar, Keith Oatley, Jacob Hirsh, Jennifer dela Paz,
& Jordan Peterson (2006). Bookworms versus nerds: The social abilities of fiction and non-
fiction readers. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 694-712.)
0.2 ^
0.1
Nonfiction MIE
0
IPT-15
-0.1
Fiction
-0.2
-0.3 * ^ p = .08
-0.4 * * p < .01
(Mar, Oatley, Hirsh, dela Paz, & Peterson, 2006)
Conclusions
Fiction is simulation of the social world. We can enter into this world, by
taking on the goals and plans of characters. Although we know the
characters’ emotions, the emotions we experience are our own.