A.

Solution Properties
B. Laboratory Mathematics and Calculations
A. Solution Properties
 Introduction
i. Solute
ii. Solvent
iii. Biologic solutes (analytes)
iv. Biologic fluids
v. Solution
A. Solution Properties
 Introduction
i. Solute
 a substance dissolved
in liquid
ii. Solvent
 the liquid which the solute
is dissolved
A. Solution Properties
 Introduction
iii. Biologic solutes (analytes)
 Substance dissolved
in biologic fluids.
iv. Biologic fluids
 The liquid in which
analytes is dissolved.
A. Solution Properties
 Introduction
v. Solute + Solvent = Solution
A. Solution Properties
 Introduction
i. Solute
ii. Solvent
iii. Biologic solutes (analytes)
iv. Biologic fluids
v. Solution
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
b. Colligative Properties
c. Osmotic Pressure
d. Redox potential
e. Conductivity
f. pH and Buffers
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
 Expression of Analyte concentration:
i. Percent solution
ii. Molarity
iii. Molality
iv. Normality
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
 Expression of Analyte concentration:
i. Percent solution
 amount of solutes per 100 total units of solution
 Percent means parts per 100, represented by %
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
 Expression of Analyte concentration:
i. Percent solution
 Three expression of percent solution
1) % Weight per volume (w/v)
2) % Volume per volume (v/v)
3) % Weight per weight (w/w)
Laboratory Mathematics
 Percent Solution
1. Weight/Volume

Grams of solute
% w/v = X 100
mL of solution

% w/v X mL of solution
Grams of solute =
100
 6.8g/0.8L 0.85%
NaCl NaCl
Laboratory Mathematics
 Percent Solution
1. Weight/Volume
i. What amount of NaCl is needed to make 800 ml of
0.85% solution?

Grams of solute
% w/v X mL of solution
% w/v
Grams =
of solute = X 100
mL of solution100

0.85 X 800
Grams of solute = = 6.8 g
100
Laboratory Mathematics
 Percent Solution
2. Volume/Volume

mL of solute
% v/v = X 100
mL of solution

% w/v X mL of solution
mL of solute =
100
Laboratory Mathematics
 Percent Solution
2. Volume/Volume
i. Prepare 500 mL 40% alcohol from stock absolute
alcohol solution.

volume
% w/vofXsolute
mL of solution
% v/v
mL =
of solute = X 100
mL of solution
100

40 X 500
mL of solute = = 200 mL
100
Laboratory Mathematics
 Percent Solution
3. Weight/Weight

grams of solute
% w/w = X 100
grams of solution

% w/v X grams of solution

Grams of solute =
100
Laboratory Mathematics
 Percent Solution
3. Weight/Weight
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
 Expression of Analyte concentration:
i. Percent solution
ii. Molarity
iii. Molality
iv. Normality
Laboratory Mathematics
I. Molarity (M)
 Number of moles per 1 liter of solution (mol/L)
 1 mole of the substance equals its gram molecular
weight (GMW)
 Laboratory Mathematics
I. Molarity (M) Mole =
grams of solute
MW

grams of solute
Molarity of a solution =
MW x volume of solution (L)

Grams of solute = molarity x MW x volume of solution (L)

 73g/L HCL 2M HCL
Laboratory Mathematics
I. Molarity (M)
i. How many grams are needed to make 1 L of a 2 M
solution of HCL? MW of HCl = 36.5

grams of solute
Molarity
Grams of a solution
of solute = molarity= x GMW x volume of solution (L)
GMW x volume of solution (L)

Grams of solute = 2M x 36.5 x 1

73 grams of HCL = 2M x 36.5 x 1
 24g/L 0.6M
Laboratory Mathematics NaOH NaOH

I. Molarity (M)
ii. A Liter of solution contains 24 g of NaOH, what is the
molarity? MW of NaOH = 40g

grams of solute
Molarity of a solution =
GMW x volume of solution (L)

24 24
M = 0.6 M =
40 x 1 40 x 1
Laboratory Mathematics
I. Molarity (M)
iii. Make up 250 ml of a 4.8 M solution of HCL ?
MW of HCL = 36.5g

grams of solute
Molarity
Grams of a solution
of solute = molarity= x GMW x volume of solution (L)
GMW x volume of solution (L)

Grams of solute = 4.8 M x 36.5 x 0.25

43.8 grams of HCL = 4.8 M x 36.5 x 0.25
Laboratory Mathematics
II. Normality (N)
 Number of Gram equivalent weight per 1 liter of
solution
 An equivalent weight is equal to the molecular
weight divided by its valence.
 Valence is the number of electrons exchanged in
oxidation reduction reactions
 Laboratory Mathematics
II. Normality (N) molecular weight
Equivalent weight (EW) =
valence

grams of solute
Normality of a solution =
Equivalent weight x volume(L)

Grams of solute = normality x EW x volume of solution (L)

 7g/0.5L 0.285N
Laboratory Mathematics NaOH H2SO4

II. Normality (N)

i. What is the normality of a 500-mL solution that contains 7
g of H2SO4. GMW of H2SO4 = 98g ; Valence H (2) = 1x2 = 2

grams of solute
Normality of a solution =
Equivalent weight x volume(L)

7 7
N = 0.285 N =
49 x 0.5 49 x 0.5
 111g/L 2N
Laboratory Mathematics CaCl2 CaCl2

II. Normality (N)

ii. If a solution contains 111g CaCl2 per liter, what is the
normality. MW of CaCl2 = 111g ; Valence Ca = +2

grams of solute
Normality of a solution =
Equivalent weight x volume(L)

111 111
N = 2N =
55.5 x 1 55.5x 1
Laboratory Mathematics
II. Normality (N)
iii. To make 500 mL of 3 N NaSO4 how much substance must
be weighted? MW of Na2SO4 = 142 g ; Valence = 2

grams of solute
Normality
Grams of a solution
of solute = x EW x volume of solution (L)
= normality
Equivalent weight x volume(L)

Grams of solute = 3 x 71 x 0.5

106.5 g = 3 x 71 x 0.5
Laboratory Mathematics
II. Normality (N)
iv. In making 2 liters of 0.3 N HCl from HCL (specific gravity
of 1.185 and % purity of 36.7) what volume of HCL is
required? GMW of HCL = 36.5 g ; Valence = 1

grams of solute
Normality
Grams of a solution
of solute = x EW x volume of solution (L)
= normality
Equivalent weight x volume(L)

Grams of solute = (0.3 x 36.5 x 2) / (1.185 x 0.367)

Grams of solute = 50.4 mL
Laboratory Mathematics
Changing Molarity to Normality
 N / valence = M  M x valence = N
• 2 N HCL = 2/1 = 2M • 2M HCL = 2x1 = 2N
• 2N H2SO4 = 2/2 = 1M • 2M H2SO4 = 2x2 = 4N
• 2N H3PO4 = 2/3 = 0.67M • 2M H3PO4 = 2x3 = 6N
Laboratory Mathematics
III. Molality (m)
 Amount of solute per 1 kg of solvent
 Expressed as mol/kg
Laboratory Mathematics
III. Molality (m)

grams of solute
Molality (m) =
molecular weight x Kg of solvent

Grams of solute = molality x GMW x Kg of solvent

Laboratory Mathematics
III. Molality (m)
i. A solution contains 15.6 g of NaCl dissolved in 500g of
water . Determine the molal concentartion.
MW of Nacl = 58.5 g

grams of solute
Molality (m) =
molecular weight x Kg of solvent

15.6 15.6
m = 0.53 m =
58.5 x 0.5 58.5 x 0.5
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
 Expression of Analyte concentration:
i. Percent solution
ii. Molarity
iii. Molality
iv. Normality
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
 Extent of saturation:
i. Dilute – little quantity of solute in a solution
ii. Concentrated – large quantity of solute in a solution
iii. Saturated – excess in undissolved solute particles
iv. Supersaturated – greater undissolved solute particles
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
 Extent of saturation:
 Saturated and Supersaturated
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
b. Colligative Properties
c. Osmotic Pressure
d. Redox potential
e. Conductivity
f. pH and Buffers
A. Solution Properties
b. Colligative Properties
i. Vapor pressure
ii. Freezing point
iii. Boiling point
iv. Osmotic pressure
A. Solution Properties
b. Colligative Properties
i. Vapor pressure
 Pressure at which
the liquid solvent is
in equilibrium with
the water vapors.
A. Solution Properties
b. Colligative Properties
ii. Freezing point – vapor pressures of solid or liquid is equal
iii. Boiling point – vapor pressure of the solvent reaches 1 atm
A. Solution Properties
b. Colligative Properties
iv. Osmotic pressure – pressure that opposes osmosis
when a solvent flows through a semi-permeable
membrane.
A. Solution Properties
b. Colligative Properties
i. Vapor pressure
ii. Freezing point
iii. Boiling point
iv. Osmotic pressure
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
b. Colligative Properties
c. Osmotic Pressure
d. Redox potential
e. Conductivity
f. pH and Buffers
A. Solution Properties
d. Redox potential (Oxidation-reduction potential)
 Is a measure of the ability of a solution to accept or
donate electrons
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
b. Colligative Properties
c. Osmotic Pressure
d. Redox potential
e. Conductivity
f. pH and Buffers
A. Solution Properties
e. Conductivity
 Measure how well electricity passes though a solution
 Depends on the charges of the ions present
 Expressed in ohm -1
Resistivity
 Resistance of substance to the passage of electrical
current
 Expressed in ohms
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
b. Colligative Properties
c. Osmotic Pressure
d. Redox potential
e. Conductivity
f. pH and Buffers
A. Solution Properties
f. pH and Buffers
 Buffers
 Weak acids or bases and their related salts
 Minimize changes in hydrogen ion concentration
A. Solution Properties
a. Concentration
b. Colligative Properties
c. Osmotic Pressure
d. Redox potential
e. Conductivity
f. pH and Buffers
A. Solution Properties
B. Other Laboratory Mathematics and
Calculations
B. Other Laboratory Mathematics
I. Milliequivalent (mEq/L)
II. Millimoles (mmol/L)
III. Ratio
IV. Dilution
B. Other Laboratory Mathematics
I. Glucose (mg/dL)
II. Chloride (mmol/L)
III. Magnesium and Calcium (mEq/L)
B. Laboratory Mathematics
I. Milliequivalent
 For expressing electrolytes
 A milliequevalent is the EW expressed in milligrams
 mg/dL  mEq/L

mg/dL x 10 x valence
mEq/L =
molecular weight
B. Laboratory Mathematics
I. Milliequivalent
i. If a solution contains 350 mg/dL Na+, how many mEq/L of
Na+ does it contain. MW of Na = 23 ; Valence of Na = 1

mg/dL x 10 x valence
mEq/L =
molecular weight

350 x 10 x 1
= = 152 mEq/L Na
23
B. Laboratory Mathematics
I. Milliequivalent
ii. A solution containing 12 mg/dL Ca++ contains how many
mEq/L calcium? MW of Ca = 40; Valence of Ca = 2

mg/dL x 10 x valence
mEq/L =
molecular weight

12 x 10 x 2
= = 6 mEq/L Ca++
40
B. Laboratory Mathematics
II. Millimoles
 Molecular weight expressed in milligrams

mg/dL x 10
mmol/L =
molecular weight
B. Laboratory Mathematics
II. Millimoles
i. Convert a 3 mg/dL magnesium to mmol/L.
MW of Mg = 24.31

mg/dL x 10
mmol/L =
molecular weight

3 x 10
= = 1.23 mmol/L
24.31
B. Laboratory Mathematics
II. Millimoles
ii. Convert 8.2 mg/dL calcium to millimoles per liter.
MW of Ca = 40

mg/dL x 10
mmol/L =
molecular weight

8.2 x 10
= = 2.05 mmol/L
40
B. Laboratory Mathematics
III. Ratio
 Volume of solute per volume of solvent

Volume of solute
Ratio =
Volume of solvent
B. Laboratory Mathematics
IV. Dilution
 Ratio of the volume of substance to be diluted to the
final volume

Volume of solute
Dilution =
Volume of solution
B. Laboratory Mathematics
IV. Dilution
i. Calculate the dilution using 50 µL of blood and 950 µL
of diluting fluid.
 50 (blood) + 950 (diluting fluid) = 1000 µL
 1000/50 = 20
 1:20
B. Laboratory Mathematics
IV. Dilution
ii. Calculate the dilution using 0.5 mL of urine and 8.5 mL
of isotonic saline.
iii. Calculate the dilution of 0.1 mL serum in 0.9 mL water
B. Laboratory Mathematics
IV. Serial Dilution
 Multiple progressive dilutions ranging from more
concentrated solutions to less concentrated solutions
B. Laboratory Mathematics
IV. Serial Dilution
i. A serum sample was diluted 1:10, then 1:10, then 1:2.
What is the final dilution?
A. Solution Properties
B. Other Laboratory Mathematics and
Calculations