EARTHQUAKE

ENGINEERING
LOAD COMBINATION
• DESIGN LAOD AND LOAD FACTORS
• WHEN STRENGTH DESIGN PRINCIPLES ARE UTILIZED

• The required strength consists of service level loads
Multiplied by appropriate load factors as defined
UBC section 1612.2.1 and summarized in table
The dead load is reduced by 10%
Basic Requirement is to Ensure that the
Design strength of member is not less than
the required ultimate required strength

This result is more critical effect in a member is

subjected to wind or seismic loads and imposed
live load is omitted when this produces increase in
stress.
LOADING Load Factors
COMBINATION D L Lr W S E Eh
D+L+Lr(or S) 1.2 1.6 0.5 - 0.5 - -
D+L+Lr(or S) 1.2 F1 1.6 - 1.6 - -
D+Lr(or S)+W 1.2 - 1.6 0.8 1.6 - -
D+L+Lr(or S)+W 1.2 F1 0.5 1.3 0.5 - -
D+L+S+E 1.2 F1 - - F2 1.0 -
D+W 0.9 - - +1.3/-1.3 - - -
D+E 0.9 - - - - - +ρ/-ρ

D= DEAD LOAD, L=FLOOR LIVE LOAD, Lr= ROOF LIVE LOAD

LOAD FACTORS FOR STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD

• Calculated seismic design E is determined at the strength design level and
thus a load factor of one.
• Seismic load is a function of both horizontal and vertical earthquake
induced forces and is given by UBC formula(30-1)
• E=𝜌Eh+ EV
• Eh = LATERAL FORCE DUE TO CALCULATED BASE SHEAR
• EV = VERTICAL FORCE DUE TO EFFECTS OF VERTICAL ACCELERATION
• = Ca ID/2 . . . . For strength design
• = 0 . . . For allowable stress design
• Ca = Acceleration based ground response coefficient
• I = importance factor
• D = Dead load
• ρ = redundancy or reliability factor

• = 2 – 20/ rmax r(AB)^0.5

• ≤ 1.5
• ≥1
• rmax =maximum element story shear ratio
• AB = Area of the ground floor of the building in square feet
• The value Ev represents the magnitude of vertical response due to vertical acceleration , which is
considered most likely to occur simultaneously with the maximum horizontal response