POETRY

Definition, elements, kinds and history

Definition

 Broad genre of literature that is

written in stanza form. It is
characterized by a regular
rhythmic pattern, rhyme,
horizontal and vertical measure,
imagery, symbolism, and
figurative language.
 Elements

 Measure – involves the

counting of the number of
lines and stanzas and the
number of syllables and feet.
 Vertical Measure - Poems and stanzas are classified according to the number of lines.
 Horizontal Measure – Lines are described according to the number of syllables.
 Rhythm – is a regular succession of accented and unaccented syllables in line.
 How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.
I love thee to the depth and breadth and height
My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight
For the ends of being and ideal grace.
I love thee to the level of every day’s
Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light.
I love thee freely, as men strive for right.
Rhyme – presence of words that
I love thee purely, as they turn from praise.
have similar or identical final
sounds. I love thee with the passion put to use
In my old griefs, and with my childhood’s faith.
I love thee with a love I seemed to lose
With my lost saints. I love thee with the breath,
Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God choose,
I shall but love thee better after death.
 Petrarchan Sonnet – ABBAABBA
 Shakespearian Sonnet – ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
 Spenserian Sonnet – ABAB BCBC CDCD EE
  SONNET 27
Weary with toil, I haste me to my bed,
The dear repose for limbs with travel tired;
But then begins a journey in my head,
To work my mind, when body's work's
expired:
For then my thoughts (from far where I
abide)
Intend a zealous pilgrimage to thee,
And keep my drooping eyelids open wide,
Looking on darkness which the blind do see:
Save that my soul's imaginary sight
Presents thy shadow to my sightless view,
Which, like a jewel hung in ghastly night,
Makes black night beauteous and her old
face new.
Lo, thus, by day my limbs, by night my
mind,
For thee, and for myself, no quiet find.
 "Lyric 17“
First, a poem must be magical,
Then musical as a sea-gull.
It must be a brightness moving
And hold secret a bird's flowering.
It must be slender as a bell,
And it must hold fire as well.
It must have the wisdom of bows
And it must kneel like a rose.
It must be able to hear
The luminance of dove and deer.
It must be able to hide
What it seeks, like a bride.
And over all I would like to hover
God, smiling from the poem's cover.
 Internal Rhyme - is rhyme that occurs within a single line of verse, or between
internal phrases across multiple lines.
 Terminal Rhyme - rhyme between line endings
 Perfect Rhyme - rhyme between words in which the stressed vowels and
any succeeding consonants are identical although the consonants preceding the
stressed vowels may be different, as between part/hart or believe/conceive

Approximate Rhyme - Rhyme is
the repetition of the same sound
in two or more words or phrases.
Masculine Rhyme or Single Rhyme
- Both are two syllable words, and
the rhyme occurs on the
second syllable with the sound -
ain
Eye Rhyme - An eye rhyme, also
called a visual rhyme or a sight
rhyme, is a rhyme in which two
words are spelled similarly but
pronounced differently.
lFeminine rhyme - also called
double rhyme, in poetry,
a rhyme involving two syllables (as
in motion and ocean or willow
and billow)
 Compound Rhyme – are rhymes that contain two or more syllable. I've got a bad taste / It
gives me mad haste.
 Monorime – Monorhyme is a passage, stanza, or entire poem in which all lines have the
same end rhyme. The term "monorhyme" describes the use of one (mono) type of
repetitious sound (rhyme).
 Dirime – a dirime exists when a stanza has three pairs or sets of rhyming words.
 Tririme – Set of three pairs of rhyming words.
 Rime Riche - occurs when the rhyming words are homonyms.
 Imagery – creation of a picture of pictures by using the appeal to senses.
 Visual
 Auditory
 Olfactory
 Gustatory
 Tactile or Tactual
 Kinesthetic
 Thermal
 Symbolism
 Figures of Speech
 Richard Cory
BY EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON
Whenever Richard Cory went down town,
We people on the pavement looked at him:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown,
Clean favored, and imperially slim.
And he was always quietly arrayed,
And he was always human when he talked;
But still he fluttered pulses when he said,
"Good-morning," and he glittered when he
walked.
And he was rich—yes, richer than a king—
And admirably schooled in every grace:
In fine, we thought that he was everything
To make us wish that we were in his place.
So on we worked, and waited for the light,
And went without the meat, and cursed the
bread;
And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,
Went home and put a bullet through his
head.
Kinds

 Narrative Poem - a form of poetry that tells a story, often making the voices of a narrator
and characters as well; the entire story is usually written in metered verse
 Epic - s a long, serious, poetic narrative about a significant event, often featuring a hero.
 Ballad – a short narrative poem which deals with a single incident and has a singelable
quality.
 Metrical Tale – short story in verse form. It lacks the singelable quality of ballad.
 Metrical Romance – love story in verse form.
 Dramatic Poem -
 Lyric Poem - A lyric poem is a comparatively short, non-narrative poem in which a single
speaker presents a state of mind or an emotional state
 Ode - An ode is a lyric poem, usually addressing a particular person or thing
 Elegy - An elegy is a poem of mourning; this is often the poet mourning one person
 Simple Lyric – a poem that is
pictorial and reflective.
 Song – melodious poem
intended to be sung and
readily adapted to music.
 Psalm – song to praise to God
or Virgin Mary.
 Sonnet – a 14 line poem.
 Hymn – metrical composition
adapted for singing in religious
service.
History
Prehistoric Period – Earliest forms of literature were oral.
Greek
Period
Roman Period

 Father of Greek Tragedy – Aeschylus

 Father or Theban Plays – Euripides and
Sophocles
 Father of Greek Comedy – Aristophanes
 Father of Greek History – Herodotus
 Father of Literary Criticism – Plato,
Socrates and Aristotle
Medieval Period

 Nibelungenlied – Songs of the Nibelungs

(Germany)
 Song of Roland - (France)
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
Post – Renaissance Period

 John Milton – Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained

 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – Germany’s greatest poet and greatest figure in German
Literature.
 William Blake – A Poison Tree
 William Wordsworth –
 Percy Bysshe Shelley –
 Emily Dickinson –
 Edgar Allan Poe –
 Guy de Maupassant -
A Poison Tree
I was angry with my friend;
I told my wrath, my wrath did
end.
I was angry with my foe:
I told it not, my wrath did grow.
And I watered it in fears,
Night & morning with my tears:
And I sunned it with smiles,
And with soft deceitful wiles.
. tree.
And it grew both day and night.
Till it bore an apple bright.
And my foe beheld it shine,
And he knew that it was mine.
And into my garden stole,
When the night had veiled the
pole;
In the morning glad I see;
My foe outstretched beneath the
 Annabel Lee
BY EDGAR ALLAN POE
It was many and many a year ago,
In a kingdom by the sea,
That a maiden there lived whom you may know
By the name of Annabel Lee;
And this maiden she lived with no other thought
Than to love and be loved by me.
I was a child and she was a child,
In this kingdom by the sea,
But we loved with a love that was more than love—
I and my Annabel Lee—
With a love that the wingèd seraphs of Heaven
Coveted her and me.
And this was the reason that, long ago,
In this kingdom by the sea,
A wind blew out of a cloud, chilling
My beautiful Annabel Lee;
So that her highborn kinsmen came
And bore her away from me,
To shut her up in a sepulchre
In this kingdom by the sea.
The angels, not half so happy in Heaven,
Went envying her and me—
Yes!—that was the reason (as all men know,
In this kingdom by the sea)
That the wind came out of the cloud by night,
Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee.
But our love it was stronger by far than the love
Of those who were older than we—
Of many far wiser than we—
And neither the angels in Heaven above
Nor the demons down under the sea
Can ever dissever my soul from the soul
Of the beautiful Annabel Lee;
For the moon never beams, without bringing me dreams
Of the beautiful Annabel Lee;
And the stars never rise, but I feel the bright eyes
Of the beautiful Annabel Lee;
And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side
Of my darling—my darling—my life and my bride,
In her sepulchre there by the sea—
In her tomb by the sounding sea.
  This period is marked by avant-gardeism.
 Phil. Lit is divided into the following periods:
 Period of Orientation
 Period of Apprenticeship
 Period of Experimentation
Modern Period  Period of Discontent
 Pos-War Period
 Modern Period
 Martial Law Era
 Post Martial Law or Contemporary Period
Notable Artists: Local

 Baltazar, Francisco – Shakespear of the Philippines

 Jose Rizal – Mi Ultimo Adios, A la Juventad Filipina
 Jose Garcia Villa - Doveglion
Notable Artists: Foreign

 Elizabeth Browning – How Do I Love Thee

 Robert Browning – Fra Lippo Lippi
 Edgar Allan Poe – Annabel Lee, To Helen