Name of Group :

1. Alfian
2. Tri Setyo L (16.1195.S)
3. Wan Hamzah (16.1201.S)
Pneumonia is one of the serious lower
respiratory tract infections because it is the
biggest cause of death, especially in developing
countries. In addition in developed countries
such as the United States, Canada, and
European countries are also many cases that
occur. From Southeast Asia Medical Information
Center (SEAMIC) Health Statistic 2001 data
Pneumonia is pulmonary inflammation wherein
is asinus with fluid, with or without infiltration
of inflammatory cells into the alvealveol wall
and interstitial cavity.
Pneumonia is a disease that attacks the lower
respiratory system, the lung tissue and the
alveoli (a small sac that exists within the lungs
to exchange oxygen). Generally children with
pneumonia should be treated in hospital.
Common pneumonia is caused by several factors,
among which are:
1. Bacteria (pneumococcus, strepkokus,
staphylococci, influenza klebsiela mycoplasma
pneumonia).
2. Virus (adena virus, influenza virus, influenza virus)
3. Mushrooms or fungi (kadida abicang, histoplasma,
capsulatum, koksidiodes)
4. Protozoa (pneumocystis karinti)
5. Chemicals (aspiration to eat / milk / gastric
contents, hodrocarbon poisoning, (kerosene,
gasoline etc.).
1) Respiratory virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or
mycoplasma pneumoniae invades the lower canal,
either through the airway or bloodstream.
2) Viral pneumonia usually causes inflammatory
reactions confined to alveolar walls.
3) In bacterial pneumonia, static mucus occurs as a
result of vascular curing. Cell debris converges in
the alveolar space. A slightly exaggerated expansion
with the air being trapped to follow. Alveolar
inflammation causes atelectasis, so gas exchange is
disrupted.
4) Secondary bacterial infections often occur after viral
or aspiration pneumonia and require antibiotic
treatment.
a. Clinical symptoms depend on the cause of
pneumonia.
b. The main complaints are cough (80%)
c. Chest pain (looks very sore and sweating)
d. High fever in 5 days to 10 days
e. Shortness of breath (especially when there
are complications)
f. Production of mucoid sputum, purulent,
rust-like color.
g. Dizziness, anorexia, malaise, nausea and
vomiting.
1. The assessment of oxygenation is an indication of
the degree of severity that is reasonably well used
2. Leukocyte enhancement syndicated by a shift to
the left may indicate a bacterial infection.
3. CPR and LEDs do not distinguish between bacteria
and viruses therefore are not recommended
4. Blood cultures are recommended in all inpatients
5. Blood culture is only positive in 10-30% of cases
6. Aspirate nasopharyngeal (nasopharyngeal aspirate,
NPA) for viral viral adjection is usually
recommended.
7. Mycoplasma and chlamydial cultures are also not
routinely recommended.
8. Teenagers and some older children may be able to
release sputum for salt color examination.
1. Antibiotics are given according to the cause
2. Expectorates that can be assisted by
postural drainage
3. Rehydration is sufficient and strong ade
4. Deep breathing and effective cough
exercises are helpful
5. Oxygenation as needed and adequate
6. Respiratory isolation according to need
7. Diet high and high protein
8. Other therapies are consistent with other
complications.
a. Pleural effusion
b. Systemic complications
c. Hypoxemia
d. Chronic pneumonia
e. Bronkietatis
1. Ineffective airway clearance associated with respiratory tract
obstruction due to increased excess mucus.
2. Ineffective breathing pattern associated with decreased lung
development.
3. The gas exchange disruption is associated with alveolar membrane
changes of the capillaries by the presence of alveolar edema.
4. The activity tolerance is related to the imbalance between supply
and oxygen demand, the general weakness.
5. Hyperthermia is associated with inflammatory processes
6. Anxiety in (parents) is associated with a lack of knowledge about
the child's condition.
7. High risk of fluid volume deficiency associated with excessive fluid
loss to excess evaporation.
8. High risk of nutrients less than body requirements associated with
intake that is not adequate secondary to anorexia, increased
metabolic needs secondary to fever and infection process.
 Auscultation of the lung area, note the area of
descent / no airflow and other breath sounds.
R: decrease in airflow occurs in the area of
consolidation with liquid. Bronchial breath sounds
(norms of the bronchi) may also occur in the
consolidation area. Krekes on inspiration,
 Assess the frequency / depth of respiration and depth
of the chest
R: tachypnoea, shallow breathing and symmetrical
chest movements often occur due to inconvenience
movement of chest wall / pulmonary fluid
 Adjust the half-fowler position in the child and
extend the head to the baby.
R: sitting position allows breath deeper and stronger
2. Dx: Ineffective breathing patterns associated with decreased lung development.
AIM :
After the nursing action the breath pattern is effective again
CRITERIA RESULTS:
a. RR 30-40x per minute
b. No dyspnea
c. Development of normal lung
INTERVENTION:
a. Adjust the position by allowing maximum pulmonary expansion with semi-fawler
or slightly higher heads of approximately 30 degrees
R: the semi-fowler position will increase pulmonary expansion
b. Assess breathing, rhythm, depth or use pulse oximetry to aid oxygen saturation
R: takipneu, shallow breathing doses taksimeris chest often occur due to discomfort
chest wall movement
c. Give a pillow or support to keep the airway open
R: pillow support will help open the airway
d. Teach relaxation techniques in children who already understand, can or
understand
R: relaxation will help lower anxiety so that O2 needs do not increase
e. Collaboration of oxygen as needed
R: O2 administration will help meet the body's O2 needs
A. Conclusion
The incidence of pneumonia in children under five is based on
diagnosis by health workers and 4% perceived / observed
symptoms. Based on the results of multivariate analysis, factors
affecting pneumonia in infants are gender, type of residence,
mother education, economy level / , the existence / habit of
opening windows and ventilation bedroom. This means that the
social, demographic, economic and environmental factors of the
house are simultaneously contributing to the incidence of
pneumonia padabalita in Indonesia.

B. Suggestions
To control the incidence of pneumonia in infants, interventions that
can be done is to improve the physical condition of the house
such as separation of the kitchen with other rooms, installing
room ventilation, and always open the bedroom window.
Until now, pneumonia disease is the leading cause
of infant mortality in the world. It is estimated
that there are 1.8 million or 20% of kematia nanak
caused by pneumonia, exaggeration due to AIDS,
malaria and tuberculosis. In Indonesia, pneumonia
as well. It is the second order of under-five causes
after diarrhea. Basic health research (Riskesdas)
reported that the incidence of pneumonia last
month increased in 2007 by 2.1% to 2.7% in 2013.
The under-five mortality caused by pneumonia in
2007 was quite high, at 15.5%. Similarly,
Indonesia's demographic and health survey (SDKI),
which reported that the prevalence of pneumonia
from year to year increased, 7.6% in 2002 to 11.2%
in 2007.
This research is descriptive analysis conducted
with cross sectional design, using data Riskesdas
2013, body research and health development,
health ministry republic Indonesia. The sample
criteria were children under five (12-59 weeks)
who became Riskesdas 2013 respondents. Variable
dipenden is the incidence of pneumonia toddlers,
while the independent variables are individual
characteristics, the physical environment of the
house, the behavior of using fuel, and smoking
habits. Inclusion criteria for children under five (0-
59 months).
 Population and Sample
Population: Inclusion criteria are children under five (0 - 59 months).
Sample: The sample criteria were toddlers (12 - 59 months) who became respondents
Riskesdas 2013.
 Intervention
To control the incidence of pneumonia in infants, interventions that can be done is to
improve the physical condition of the house such as separation of the kitchen with
other rooms, installing room ventilation, and always open the bedroom window.
 Compresesion
In this journal there is no comparison journal between journals one with other
journals, there is only one journal of this course.
 Outcomes
There were 1,229 people (1.5%) ever diagnosed with health workers and 2,091 people
(2.5%) had pneumonia symptoms in the last 12 months since the interview (Table 1).
81,205 people were never diagnosed (98.2%) and 232 people did not know (0.3%). A
total of 79,233 people (95.8%) had no symptoms of pneumonia and 115 people (0.1%)
stated no idea. The incidence of pneumonia in children under five is based on a
diagnosis by health workers and symptoms perceived / observed, which amounted to
3320 people (4.0%).
 Time
In this journal conducted research for 12 months or 1 year.
 Sistem pertahanan tubuh terganggu

Kuman masuk : - inhalasi

- aspirasi kuman
- hematogen

Strepto kokus Pneumonia

Stapilo kokus pneumonia

Alveoli
Radang di broundkioli
Mengisi alveoli bersama sel darah merah, leukosit
Peningkatan sekret batuk
Terbentuk nekrosis dan abses
Reaksi radang
Bersihan jalan nafas
Pada sal. Nafas dan parenkim paru Penyebaran ke peri bronkial

Meluasnya keseluruh obus pneumatosel

konsolidasi

Paru padat seperti hati Pekak ronchi

Peningkatan cairan alveolus

Radang pada parenkim

Pengembangan paru tidak maksimal

 Gg pertukaran gas.
 Panas tinggi.
 Pola nafas tidak efektif.
 Istirahat tidur.
 Nyeri.
 cemas
 Sesak.
 Intolerensi aktivitas.
 Pola makan