Audio CD player

AM detector
Echo-canceller

Presented by

K. Sivamani M.Sc., M.Phil.,

1
Audio CD player
 CD player –An intro
• A compact disc (CD) is a optical storage device structured as a thin,
circular disc of metal and plastic about 12cm (just over 4.5 inches) in
diameter. Most of the CD is made from a tough, brittle plastic called
polycarbonate.

• It‘s made up of three layers sandwiched together, in the middle there is a

thin layer of aluminum.

• On top of the aluminum, is a protective layer of plastic and lacquer.

• Information, be it analog (such as voice, still images, video) or digital

(e.g., text, computer files) can be represented in binary format as a string
of 0's and 1's.

• These binary strings can be stored on optical disks and retrieved (for
reproduction) using lasers and other sophisticated opto-electronic
instruments.
 Audio CD player – History
• The technology behind CDs was invented in the late 1960s by
James T. Russell.

• An avid music fan, he longed for a sound-recording system that

would reproduce music more exactly than LP records and cassette
tapes.

• He patented the first ever optical sound recording system in 1970,

refining it over the years that followed.

• Audio CDs finally made their commercial debut in Europe in

1982, launched by the Sony and Philips electronics corporations,
and appeared in the United States.
Inside a CD Player
Audio CD player – Block diagram
Audio CD player – Working mechanism
Audio CD player – Working mechanism

Pits are 120 nm deep and 600 nm

wide. Laser beam scatters when it
scans a pit, which translates into a
drop in reflected beam intensity.

The laser beam (wavelength ~ 780 nm) is focused onto

the data side of the disk (focused spot diameter ~ 1mm).
The laser moves in the radial direction over the fast
spinning disk and scans the data track.
CD in Cross-section
• A CD can store up to 74
minutes of music, so the
total amount of digital
data that must be stored on
a CD is:

2 channels  44,100
samples  2
bytes/sample  74
minutes  60
seconds/minute =
783,216,000 bytes
AM Detector
Amplitude Modulation

• Amplitude Modulation is a process where the

amplitude of a carrier signal is altered according to
information in a message signal.

• The frequency of the carrier signal is usually much

greater than the highest frequency of the input
message signal.
AM Modulation/Demodulation
Source Sink

Channel

Modulator Demodulator

Baseband Signal Bandpass Signal Original Signal

with frequency with frequency with frequency
fm fc fm
(Modulating Signal) (Modulated Signal)

fc >> fm
Voice: 300-3400Hz GSM Cell phone: 900/1800MHz

12
Amplitude Modulation
 Demodulation of AM Signals

Demodulation extracting the baseband

message from the carrier.

There are 2 main methods of AM

Demodulation:

• Envelope or non-coherent detection or

demodulation.
• Synchronised or coherent demodulation.
 Envelope/Diode AM
Detector

If the modulation depth is > 1, the distortion below occurs

15
Synchronous or Coherent
Demodulation
AM – Basic Definitions (cont.)

The Envelope: 5

st   Ac 1  k  mt 
3

1
The AM Signal
0

st   Ac 1  k  mt cosct -1

-2

-3

-4

-5
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
The AM Spectrum

m t  s t 
1.5 1.5

Carrier
1 1

|Y(f)|
|M(f)|

Side
Bands
0.5 0.5

0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
MATLAB Results of AM demodulator

© 2007 Texas Instruments Inc, Slide 20

Hands-On

• Simulation

• Implementation using the TI DSK 6713 and LabVIEW

The Simulation Environment

Virtual
Scope

Information Demodulated
Modulator Demodulator
Signal Signal
The Simulation Environment
Real Time Environment

RTDX
PC

CODEC

s t 
Signal A/D AM D/A
Generator (Right) (Left)
Line In
Modulator Line Out

Line Out Line In

Scope
D/A AM A/D
(Right) Demodulator (Left)
y t 
TMS320C6713
DSK6713
GUI
SQRT Detector – Real Time
Coherent Detection – Real Time
Echo-canceller
 Introduction
• Echo cancellation and echo suppression are the methods used in
telephony to improve voice quality by preventing echo from being
created or removing it after it is already present.

• In addition to improving subjective audio quality, echo

suppression increases the capacity achieved through silence
suppression by preventing echo from traveling across a network.

• Echo suppressors were developed in the 1950s in response to the

first use of satellites for telecommunications.

• Echo suppression and cancellation methods are commonly called

acoustic echo suppression (AES) and acoustic echo cancellation
(AEC), and more rarely line echo cancellation (LEC).
 Operations
• The acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) process works
as follows:

1. A far-end signal is delivered to the system.

2. The far-end signal is reproduced.

3. The far-end signal is filtered and delayed to

resemble the near-end signal.

4. The filtered far-end signal is subtracted from the

near-end signal.

5. The resultant signal represents sounds present in

the room excluding any direct or reverberated
sound.
The principle and notation of an echo
canceller
Acoustic Echo Cancellation
• Acoustic echo cancellation is important for audio teleconferencing
when simultaneous communication (or full-duplex transmission) of
speech is necessary. In acoustic echo cancellation, a measured
microphone signal contains two signals:

1. The near-end speech signal

2. The far-end echoed speech signal

• The goal is to remove the far-end echoed speech signal from the
microphone signal so that only the near-end speech signal is
transmitted.
MATLAB demo – Echo return
Loss enhancement
• Since you have access to
both the near-end and far-
end speech signals, you can
compute the Echo Return
Loss Enhancement (ERLE),
which is a smoothed
measure of the amount
(in dB) that the echo has
been attenuated.

• From the plot, observe that

you achieved about a 35 dB
ERLE at the end of the
convergence period.