HOUSING ISSUES-INDIAN CONTEXT

1.2 EMERGING
ISSUES OF
HOUSING IN THE
INDIAN CONTEXT
HOUSING ISSUES-INDIAN CONTEXT

 EMERGING ISSUES OF HOUSING IN INDIA

 Census 2011 – country had a population 1210.98
million, out of which 377.10 million (31.16%)
lived in urban areas
 2001 – 2011: urban population grew at a CAGR of
2.8% resulting in the level of urbanization from
27.81% to 31.16%
 This growth has led to:
 Problems of land shortage
 Housing shortfall
 Congested transit
 Stressing of existing basic amenities like water, power
etc.
HOUSING ISSUES-INDIAN CONTEXT

 MAJOR CHALLENGES IN INDIAN HOUSING

 Urban housing shortage
 2011 Census: only 70.6% of urban population covered by individual
water connections compared with China (91%), South Africa (86%)
and Brazil (80%)
 Duration of water supply in Indian cities – 1 to 6 hours
 13% of urban population defecate in the open
 37% are connected to open drains and 18% are not connected at all
 Number of urban poor has increased by about 34.4% between
1993-2004
 In 20 years – journey speed of major corridors in many cities would
fall from 26-17 Kmph to 8-6 Kmph*
 Deterioration of air quality level
 Per capita emission levels in India’s seven largest cities is estimated
to be at least THREE TIMES MORE THAN THE WHO STANDARDS
HOUSING ISSUES-INDIAN CONTEXT

EMERGING ISSUES
 Unplanned Growth of Settlements

 Constraints of Land Availability

 Constraints of Financing

 Legal Constraints

 Non availability of developed land

 Manpower Shortage

 Technology & Materials – Need for Improvement

 Distance of Affordable Housing from City Centers

HOUSING ISSUES-INDIAN CONTEXT
HOUSING ISSUES-INDIAN CONTEXT

 Homelessness
 A complex problem and circumstances of
homeless people vary greatly
 Main issues that are the causes of
homelessness are:
 Shortage of Housing
 Entitlement to Land
 Entitlement to Housing
 Personal Situation
HOUSING ISSUES-INDIAN CONTEXT

From 12th 5-year plan

document
HOUSING ISSUES-INDIAN CONTEXT

 MEANS TO OVERCOME THE EMERGING ISSUES

 Ensure development plan, master plan, zonal & local area
plans made and updated regularly and are in consonance
with District Plan & State Regional Plan so that ADEQUATE
PROVISION IS MADE FOR THE HOMELESS AS WELL AS
SLUM DWELLERS
 Identify city specific housing shortages by PREPARING CITY
LEVEL URBAN HOUSING & HABITAT ACTION PLANS for time
bound implementation
 DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL LAND POLICY FOR OPTIMAL
USE OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES including enhanced supply
of serviced land for sustainable development
 PROMOTE OPTIMAL UTILIZATION OF LAND BY INNOVATIVE
SPECIAL INCENTIVES like relaxation of FAR for ensuring
that 20-25% of FAR are reserved for EWS/LIG units
HOUSING ISSUES-INDIAN CONTEXT

 MEANS TO OVERCOME THE EMERGING ISSUES

 PROMOTE IN-SITU SLUM UPGRADATION in partnership
with Central & State Governments, Urban Local Bodies,
Banks/FIs and potential beneficiaries
 DEVELOP GREENFIELD TOWNS & INTEGRATED URBAN
HOUSING EXTENSIONS OF EXISTING TOWNS WITH
COMPLIMENTARY INFRASTRUCTURE with both FDI and
national investments in housing and infrastructure.
Ensure that they are well connected by MRTS corridors
 ENFORCE REGULATORY MEASURES FOR PLANNED
DEVELOPMENT in an effective manner
 CHECK THE GROWTH of unauthorized colonies, new
slums, unauthorized construction, extensions of existing
properties and commercialization of residential areas
HOUSING ISSUES-INDIAN CONTEXT

 MEANS TO OVERCOME THE EMERGING

ISSUES
 PROMOTE PUBLIC-PRIVATE-PARTNERSHIPS in
planning & funding based on potential of
local level stakeholders
 MAKING AFFORDABLE HOUSING A VIABLE
BUSINESS MODEL to motivate RE
developers to participate actively &
aggressively in this segment
 SINGLE WINDOW APPROVAL OF PROJECTS to
help the developers reduce delays and costs
HOUSING ISSUES-INDIAN CONTEXT

 INITIATIVES OF THE GOVERNMENT

 Housing is essentially a private activity
 State intervenes only to provide legal status to the
land
 State intervention is also necessary to meet the
housing requirements of the vulnerable sections and
to create positive environment in achieving the goal
of “shelter for all” on self-sustainable basis
 1998 – Introduction of Housing & Habitat Policy
 Aimed at ensuring “shelter for all” and better quality of
life by harnessing the unused potentials in the public,
private and household sectors
 Theme of the policy – to create a stronger PPP for tackling
the housing and habitat issues
HOUSING ISSUES-INDIAN CONTEXT

 INITIATIVES OF THE GOVERNMENT

 1998 – Introduction of Housing & Habitat Policy
(Cont.)
 Government to provide fiscal concessions, carry out
legal and regulatory reforms and act as a facilitator
 Private Sector - to be encouraged to take up the land for
housing and invest in infra facilities
 Coop and Public Housing Agencies – being encouraged
to share the responsibility of providing housing facilities
 1976 – repealing of Urban Land Ceiling &
Regulation Act (ULCRA)
 To facilitate land for housing activity
 Upgrading & renewal of old and dilapidated housing
HOUSING ISSUES-INDIAN CONTEXT

 INITIATIVES OF THE GOVERNMENT

 1998 – establishment of National Housing Bank, a
subsidiary of RBI, to provide financial resources to
middle class
 1970 – establishment of HUDCO, to provide housing
finance, housing facilities for EWS/LIG
 The government has also introduced some schemes
to curb the housing problem:
 Subsidized Industrial Housing Scheme
 LIG Housing Schemes
 Slum Clearance & Improvement Scheme
 MIG Group Housing Scheme
 Rental Housing Scheme
 Land Acquisition & Development Scheme
HOUSING ISSUES-INDIAN CONTEXT

 INITIATIVES OF THE GOVERNMENT

 LIG Housing Scheme
 Startedin 1954
 Persons whose income is less that INR 600 per
annum could get loan up to 80%
 Slum Clearance & Improvement Scheme
 Started in 1956
 Give financial assistance to state government and
local bodies for improving slum areas
 Progress was not satisfactory as it was impossible
to provide housing to all people living in slums
 12L houses were not fit for dwelling!!!
HOUSING ISSUES-INDIAN CONTEXT

 INITIATIVES OF THE GOVERNMENT

 MIG Group Housing Scheme
 People from middle class are given loans for house
construction
 State government also gives loan on small interest

 Rental Housing Scheme

 Started in 1959
 Provide houses on rent to the state government employees

 Land Acquisition & Development Scheme

 Government’s thought: LIG & MIG could construct houses if
land was made available to them at reasonable price
 The plan: state government acquires lands & plots at
suitable prices, develop them and give them away to the
needy people