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Sharing data through the use of floppy disks is not an efficient
or cost-effective manner in which to operate businesses.

Businesses needed a solution that would successfully

address the following three problems:
‡ How to avoid duplication of equipment and resources
‡ How to communicate efficiently
‡ How to set up and manage a network

Businesses realized that networking technology could

increase productivity while saving money.

3
    V  

quipment that connects directly to a network segment is

referred to as a device.

These devices are broken up into two classifications.

‡ end-user devices
‡ network devices

nd-user devices include computers, printers, scanners, and

other devices that provide services directly to the user.

Network devices include all the devices that connect the end-
user devices together to allow them to communicate.
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network interface card (NIC) is a printed circuit board
that provides network communication capabilities to and
from a personal computer. lso called a L N adapter.


   V   

h
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repeater is a network device used to regenerate a signal.
Repeaters regenerate analog or digital signals distorted by
transmission loss due to attenuation. repeater does not
perform intelligent routing.

Ä
 

Hubs concentrate
connections. In other words,
they take a group of hosts
and allow the network to see
them as a single unit.

This is done passively,

without any other effect on
the data transmission.

ctive hubs not only

concentrate hosts, but they
also regenerate signals. K
 j
Bridges convert network transmission data formats as well as
perform basic data transmission management. Bridges, as
the name implies, provide connections between L Ns. Not
only do bridges connect L Ns, but they also perform a check
on the data to determine whether it should cross the bridge or
not. This makes each part of the network more efficient.

_
 ã  


orkgroup switches add

more intelligence to data
transfer management.

Switches can determine

whether data should remain
on a L N or not, and they
can transfer the data to the
connection that needs that
data.

v
 4  
Routers have all capabilities of the previous devices. Routers
can regenerate signals, concentrate multiple connections,
convert data transmission formats, and manage data
transfers.They can also connect to a
N, which allows them
to connect L Ns that are separated by great distances.

vv
 (   
The cloud is used in diagrams to represent where the
connection to the internet is.
It also represents all of the devices on the internet.

v2
       
Network topology defines the structure of the network.

One part of the topology definition is the physical topology,

which is the actual layout of the wire or media.

The other part is the logical topology,which defines how the

media is accessed by the hosts for sending data.

v3
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bus topology uses a single backbone cable that is
terminated at both ends.

ll the hosts connect directly to this backbone.

v
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ring topology connects one host to the next and the last host
to the first.

This creates a physical ring of cable.

vh

    
star topology connects all cables to a central point of
concentration.

vÄ
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  !

To address the problem of networks increasing in size

and in number, the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) researched many network
schemes and recognized that there was a need to
create a network model that would help network
builders implement networks that could communicate
and work together and therefore, released the OSI
reference model in v_K=.

vK
 V " #     

ISO - International Organization for Standardization

OSI - Open System Interconnection

IOS - Internetwork Operating System

The ISO created the OSI to make the IOS more

efficient. The ³ISO´ acronym is correct as shown.

To avoid confusion, some people say ³International

Standard Organization.´
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