IMUNOLOGI

PENDAHULUAN

Sri Winarsih
FKUB
2017 1
 THE SCOPE OF IMMUNOLOGY

 Immune System
 Defence Mechanism: - Innate
- Adaptive
 Immune Response Mechanism
 Deformitas Immune System
Internal: - Hypersensitive
- Autoimmune
External: - Infection
- Others

HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIP ?? 2
TERMINOLOGI
• Antigen/Imunnogen (Ag)
• Antibody (Ab)
• Marker
• Cytokine (IL)
• Cluster of Difference (CD)
• Complement
• Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)
• Antigen Forming Cell
• Immunomodulator
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 PENTINGNYA SISTEM IMUN

Role of the immune system Implications

Defense against infections Deficient immunity results in increased
susceptibility to infections;
Vaccination boosts immune defenses
and protects against infections

Recognizes and responds to tissue Immune responses are important

grafts and newly introduced proteins barriers to transplantation and gene
therapy

Defense against tumors Potential for immunotherapy of cancer

Antibodies are highly specific Immunologic approaches for

reagents for detecting any class of laboratory testing in clinical medicine
molecules and research
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SEL DAN JARINGAN DALAM
SISTEM IMUN

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FAGOSIT MONONUKLEAR

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HEMATOPOIESIS

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KELENJAR LIMFE

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PEMISAHAN SEL B DAN SEL T DALAM
KELENJAR LIMFE

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SISTEM LIMFATIK

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 KOMPONEN SELULER
DALAM SISTEM IMUN KUTANEOUS

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SISTEM IMUN MUKOSAL

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MIGRASI SEL T naif DAN sel T efektor

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 SIFAT UMUM
DARI RESPON IMUN

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 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Infectious or inflammatory trigger

Innate or natural response Acquired or adaptive response

Same extent each time Involves proliferation of
Uses phagocytic cells antigen specific T and B cells

• PMNs Antigen presenting cells

• Monocytes display antigen
• Macrophages T cells help B cells, assist
Cells release mediators macrophages , and kill cells

Complement, APR,cytokines Complement, APR, cytokines

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 KOMPONEN IMUNITAS INAT
Barriers Principle function

Epithelial layers Prevent microbial entry

Defensin Microbial killing
Intraepithelial lymphocytes Microbial killing
Circulating efector cells
Neutrophils Early phagocytosis and killing
microbes
Macrophages Early phagocytosis and killing
microbes,secretion of cytokines that
stimulate inflammation
NK cells Lysis of infected cells, activation of
macrophages 16
 KOMPONEN SISTEM IMUM INAT

Circulating proteins Principle function

Complement Killing microbes, opsonization of

microbes, activation of leukocytes

Membran binding Opsonization of microbes, complement

lectin (collectin) activation

C-reactive Opsonization of microbes, activation of

protein(pentraxin) complement

Coagulation factors Walling of infected tissues

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 KOMPONEN SISTEM IMUN INAT

Cytokines Principle function

TNF, IL-1, Inflammation
chemokines
IFN-γ Macrophage activation

IL-12 IFN-g production by NK cells and T

cells
IL-15 Proliferation of NK cells

IL-10,TGF-β Control of inflammation

IFN-α. β Resistance to viral infection

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Components of INNATE IMMUNITY

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PENGENALAN BENDA ASING OLEH SISTEM IMUN
B lipoproteins
B lipoarabinomannans LPS (Gram-negative)
LPS (Lestospira, P. gingivalis) Taxol (plant)
Peptidoglycan (Gram-positive) Viral proteins
Zymosan (yeast) Hsp60 (host) MICA (host)
GPI anchor (T. Cruzi) Fibronectin (host)

Viral IgG1,
dsRNA IgG3 (host) HLA-E (host)

NKG2D/
TLR2/ TLR4/ DAP10
TLR1 or 6 MD2
CD16
NK
TLR3 DC/M cell
TLR9 CD94
NKp46 NKG2A or C
TLR5
KIR/
DAP12

Bacterial
Bacterial CpG DNA Viral
hemagglutinin MHC class I (host)
flagelline
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 Components of INNATE and ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY

Innate Adaptive
Physical and Skin, mucosal epithelial, Lymphocytes in
chemical anti microbial chemical epithelia;
barriers antibodies
secreted at
epithelial surface
Blood protein Complement Antibodies

Cells Phagocytes ( Lymphocytes

macrophages,
neutrophils) , natural
killer cells 21
 Cardinal features of
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES
Feature Functional significance
Specificity Ensure that distinct antigens elicit specific
response
Memory Leads to enhanced responses to repeated
exposure to the same antigens
Specialization Responses to distinct microbes are optimized for
defense against these microbes

Self limitation Allows immune system to respond to newly

encountered antigens
Non reactivity to self Prevents injurious immune responses against
antigens host cells and tissues
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Classes of lymphocytes

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HIPOTESIS SELEKSI KLONAL

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 RINGKASAN

• Imunitas dibutuhkan utk merespon antigen

(imunitas aktif) atau pemberian Ab atau sel imun
(imunitas pasif).

• Respon imun memiliki beberapa sifat yang penting

dalam fungsi normalnya. Hal ini meliputi spesifitas
atau perbedaan dari jenis Ag, memori terhadap
paparan Ag, respon khusus untuk sifat mikroba
yang berbeda (mikroba intraseluer & mikroba
ekstraseluler), dan kemampuan membedakan antara
‘self’ dengan ‘non-self’.
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• Imunitas protektif melawan mikroba diperantarai oleh
respons imun awal yg non-spesifik (innate immunity =
II) dan diikuti oleh respon imun spesifik (adaptive
immunity = AI).

• II dirangsang oleh struktur tertentu dari mikroba.

AI adalah spesifik untuk membedakan antigen mikroba
dan non-mikroba, dan meningkat oleh pengulangan
paparan Ag (ada immunologic memory).

• Imunitas humoral diperantarai oleh sel limfosit B dan

mensekresikan Ab yang berfungsi pertahanan melawan
mikroba ekstraseluler.
• Imunitas seluler (CMI) diperantarai oleh sel limfosit T
dan produknya misalnya sitokin2, dan penting untuk
pertahanan melawan mikroba intraseluler. 26
 PENGAKTIFAN RESPON
IMUN ADAPTIF
(from non specific to specific)

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Imunitas inat ke imunitas adaptif

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 PERBEDAAN
IMUNITAS INAT DENGAN IMUNITAS ADAPTIF

Innate Adaptive
Specivity For structure share by For antigens of
groups of related microbe and non
microbes microbial antigens
Diversity Limited; germline Verry large;receptors
encoded are produced by
somatic
recombinations of
gene segments
Memory None Yes
Nonreactivity Yes Yes
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FASE-FASE DALAM RESPON IMUN ADAPTIF

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PRESENTASI dan PENGENALAN ANTIGEN

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 RESPON IMUN ADAPTIF
seluler (Th1 ) atau humoral (Th2)

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JENIS IMUNITAS ADAPTIF

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APC/ dendritic cell is the dirigent of adaptive
immune response

Pathogen

IL-4 IL-4
Recognition
Internalization Th2 IL-5
cell IL-10
TLR IL-13

Antigen
presentation

APC Naïve Tr1 IL-10

T cell cell TGF-
Co stimulation

IL-10 Th1 IFN-

cell TNF-
IL-12, IL-18 34
 Antigens

Foreigh Bacteria Fungi

proteins Viruses Parasites

HUMORAL RESPONSE CELL MEDIATED RESPON

Vertebrate body

T cell
B cell

TH cell

+
Antigen
Activated
+Ag-class II +Ag-classI
TH cell
MHC molecule MHC molecule
Ab-secreting
Plasma cells
CTL
Killing of
Antibody Altered self-cell

Cytokine
Antigen
secretion
elimination
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Altered self cell
Effector Mechanisms of
Cellular Immunity

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Types of cell-mediated immune responses

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Effector functions of Th1 cells

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Effector Mechanisms of
Humoral Immunity

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Effector functions of Th2 cells

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Phases of the humoral immune response

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 RINGKASAN
• Respon imun adaptof dimulai dengan pengenalan
Ag asing oleh limfosit spesifik

• Hanya sel limfosit yang mampu mengenali secara

spesifik terhadap Ag, sehingga limfosit adalah sel
paling penting dari imunitas adaptif (AI)

• Sel limfosit B dan T menunjukkan reseptor terhadap

Ag dan fungsi yang berbeda.

• APC menangkap Ag mikroba dan menyajikan Ag

tersebut untuk pengenalan kepada limfosit

• Eliminasi Ag membutuhkan peranan berbagai sel

efektor 42
• Limfosit merespon dengan berproliferasi dan
berdiferensiasi menjadi sel efektor yang akan
berfungsi mengeliminasi Ag.

• Fase efektor dari AI membutuhkan partisipasi dari

berbagai mekanisme pertahanan, termasuk sistem
komplemen dan fagosit, yang berperan juga dalam
imunitas inat.

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