CIVIL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION SURVEY

SURVEYING

• Land surveying is the art and science of determining the position of

natural and artificial features on, above or below the earth’s surface ;
and representing this information on paper plans, as figures in report
tables or on computer based maps.

• A Construction Survey is basically a survey that presents locations

and marks for construction activities; the process of executing
evaluation and estimation prior to or during construction activities
CONSTRUCTION SURVEY
• Normally surveying involves preparation of a map or plan showing
existing features of the ground. Accurate topographic surveying and
maps with contours of the site are essential requirements for
designing and construction of any engineering project like road,
bridge, building etc.
• Setting out is the reverse process of fixing on the ground the details
shown in a map or plan.
• Construction survey is to layout or setout on the field according to
design plan. Some modifications can be made to the design plan if
necessary.
INFRASTRUCTURE

• Infrastructure refers to structures, systems, and facilities serving a

country, city, or area, including the services and facilities necessary for
its economy to function.
• A US National Research Council adopted the term "public works
infrastructure", referring to:
"... both specific functional modes – highways, streets, roads, and bridges;
mass transit; airports and airways; water supply and water resources;
wastewater management; solid waste treatment and disposal; electric power
generation and transmission; telecommunications; and hazardous waste
management – and the combined system these modal elements comprise.
A comprehension of infrastructure spans not only these public works
facilities, but also the operating procedures, management practices, and
development policies that interact together with societal demand and the
physical world to facilitate the transport of people and goods, provision of
water for drinking and a variety of other uses, safe disposal of society's waste
products, provision of energy where it is needed, and transmission of
information within and between communities."
INFRASTRUCTURE
• Infrastructure may be owned and managed by governments or by
private companies, such as sole public utility or railway companies.
• Generally, most roads, major ports and airports, water distribution
systems and sewage networks are publicly owned, whereas most
energy and telecommunications networks are privately owned.
• Government owned and operated infrastructure may be developed
and operated in the private sector or in public private partnerships
• Many financial institutions invest in infrastructure
"Hard" and "soft" INFRASTRUCTURE
• "Hard" infrastructure refers to the large physical networks necessary
for the functioning of a modern industrial nation, such as
transportation network, transmission network, urban structures,
energy generation
• "soft" infrastructure refers to all the institutions which are required
to maintain the economy, health, and cultural and social standards of
a country, such as the financial system, the education system, the
health care system, the system of government, and law
enforcement, as well as emergency services, IT infrastructure.
CIVIL ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE
• Limits the use of the term "infrastructure" to describe fixed assets
that are in the form of a large network, in other words, "hard"
infrastructure.
"where the system as a whole is intended to be maintained indefinitely at a
specified standard of service by the continuing replacement and maintenance
of its components"
• It typically characterizes technical structures such as roads, bridges,
tunnels, water supply, sewers, electrical grids, telecommunications,
and so forth, and can be defined as "the physical components of
interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to
enable, sustain, or enhance societal living conditions."
CIVIL ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE
• Building
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• Building
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• Transportation (highway, railway, waterway, airway)
CIVIL ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE
• Transportation (highway, railway, waterway, airway)
CIVIL ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE
• Transportation (highway, railway, waterway, airway)
CIVIL ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE
• Transportation (highway, railway, waterway, airway)
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• Water (pipelines)
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• Sewerage (waste water management, sanitary)
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• Energy (generation, transmission and distribution)
 CIVIL ENGINEERING INFRASTRUCTURE
• Energy (generation, transmission and distribution)
CONSTRUCTION SURVEY
• In every country, construction is a major activity and setting out,
therefore, becomes an important work.
• It is carried out to layout engineering and construction works.
• Measurements are done from reference points which determine the
location of the planned structure or improvements, vertical and
horizontal positioning, dimensions, configuration, and to control the
elevation of the new structures.
• Common types of construction survey include staking out or setting
out of grades or slopes, staking buildings, pipelines, culverts, bridges,
highways etc.
CONSTRUCTION SURVEY
Purpose of construction surveys—
• To maintain and establish the necessary vertical and horizontal control
needed for a construction project.
• To provide layout stakes (horizontal and vertical position) for accurate and
efficient positioning of structures.
• To take measurements (area and volume) which is mandatory to ascertain
quantities, and then put these measurements in documentation.
• Improvement of control stations (addition, replacement, random and
periodic check) that are necessary to control the construction project.
• To document data of control stations and completed structures which
assist in future construction phase and progress report.
• To validate the construction as it is specified in design (as built survey)
CONSTRUCTION SURVEY
Typical duties of the construction surveyor include—
• Determining distances, areas, and angles.
• Establishing reference points for both horizontal and vertical control.
• Setting stakes or otherwise marking lines, grades, and principal points.
• Determining profiles of the ground along given lines (centerlines and/or
cross section lines) to provide data for cuts, fills, and earthwork volumes.
• Preparing large-scale topographic maps to provide information for drainage
and site design.
• Laying out structures, culverts, and bridge lines.
• Determining the vertical and horizontal placement of utilities.
CONSTRUCTION SURVEY
Procedures for construction survey depends upon: Type of project,
environment of the project site, financial condition etc.
Whatsoever Surveying principle must be followed;
• The first is that of “working from the whole to the part” that is
establishing an initial framework of control points (seemed to be free
from error after being established and adjusted) that is then “broken
down” into smaller networks with points closer together.
• The second principle is that of consistency in work.
• The third related to economy, work according to desired accuracy.
• The fourth principle is that of applying an independent check so that
errors do not pass undetected
Sources of errors in construction survey
Surveyors must always be alert for probable cumulative or systematic
errors, which could be the result of maladjustment or calibration of
equipment or error-producing practices
Some of the crucial errors (mistake) in construction surveys are:
• An inadequate number of control points on the site.
• Errors in establishing control points.
• Disturbances of stakes and marks.
• Careless referencing of key points.
Sources of errors in construction survey
Some typical mistakes occur :
• because of a lack of foresight where construction destroys control
points,
• notation for cut or fill is confused,
• incorrect elevations, grades , and stations are used,
• failure to check the diagonals of a building,
• carrying out computations beyond field accuracy,
• the effort going to waste, or arithmetical errors , generally due to lack
of checking and careless calculations.
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