ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

GROUP 5

Group 5
WHAT IS AN
ENDOCRINE
Endocrine system
is a network of
glands that secrete
chemicals called
hormones to help
your body function
properly.
 Growth and
development Homeostasis

Metabolism Reproduction

Response to
stimuli
 The endocrine system completes these tasks
through its network of glands, which are small
but highly important organs that produce,
store, and secrete hormones.
• Type 1 Diabetes.
• Thyroid Cancer.
Type 1 diabetes, once known as
juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent
diabetes, is a chronic condition in
which the pancreas produces little or
no insulin. Insulin is a hormone needed
to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells
to produce energy.
Different factors, including genetics
and some viruses, may contribute to
type 1 diabetes. Although type 1
diabetes usually appears during
childhood or adolescence, it can
develop in adults.
Despite active research, type 1
diabetes has no cure. Treatment
focuses on managing blood sugar
levels with insulin, diet and lifestyle to
prevent complications.
Type 1 diabetes signs and symptoms can appear
relatively suddenly and may include:
• Increased thirst
• Frequent urination
• Bed-wetting in children who previously didn't
wet the bed during the night
• Extreme hunger
• Unintended weight loss
• Irritability and other mood changes
• Fatigue and weakness
• Blurred vision
 The exact cause of type 1
diabetes is unknown. Usually,
the body's own immune system
— which normally fights
harmful bacteria and viruses
— mistakenly destroys the
insulin-producing (islet, or
islets of Langerhans) cells in
the pancreas. Other
possible causes include:
Genetics.
 Over time, type 1
diabetes complications can
affect major organs in your
body, including heart, blood
vessels,
nerves, eyes and kidneys.
Maintaining a normal blood
sugar level can dramatically
reduce the risk of
many complications.
Thyroid cancer occurs in the cells of the
thyroid — a butterfly-shaped gland located at
the base of your neck, just below your Adam's
apple. Your thyroid produces hormones that
regulate your heart rate, blood pressure, body
temperature and weight.
Although thyroid cancer isn't common in the
United States, rates seem to be increasing.
Doctors think this is because new technology
is allowing them to find small thyroid cancers
that may not have been found in the past.
Most cases of thyroid cancer can be cured
with treatment.
Thyroid cancer typically doesn't cause any signs or
symptoms early in the disease. As thyroid cancer grows,
it may cause:
• A lump that can be felt through the skin on your neck
• Changes to your voice, including increasing
hoarseness
• Difficulty swallowing
• Pain in your neck and throat
• Swollen lymph nodes in your neck
 The cause of thyroid cancer is
unknown, but certain risk
factors have been identified
and include a family history of
goiter, exposure to high levels
of radiation, and certain
hereditary syndromes.
 The main part of the body affected
by thyroid cancer is the neck.
However thyroid cancer causes
abnormal growth of thyroid cells,
which can cause tumors to form in
the neck and on the thyroid gland.
This affects the production and
regulation of the thyroid hormones,
which causes problems throughout
the body.
• THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS A
COMPLEX NETWORK OF
NERVES AND CELLS THAT
CARRY MESSAGES TO AND
FROM THE BRAIN AND SPINAL
CORD TO VARIOUS PARTS OF
THE BODY.

THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM INCLUDES BOTH THE
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM.THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM IS MADE UP
OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL
CORD AND THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM IS MADE UP
OF THE SOMATIC AND THE
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTE
MS
2 COMMON NERVOUS
SYSTEM DISORDERS/DISEASES
• Multiple sclerosis
• PARKINSON'S DISEASE
 MULTIPLE
SCLEROSIS
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a potentially
disabling disease of the brain and
spinal cord (central nervous system).
In MS, the immune system attacks the
protective sheath (myelin) that covers
nerve fibers and causes communication
problems between your brain and the
rest of your body. Eventually, the disease
can cause the nerves themselves to
deteriorate or become permanently
damaged.
Signs and symptoms of MS vary widely
and depend on the amount of nerve
damage and which nerves are affected.
Some people with severe MS may lose
the ability to walk independently or at
all, while others may experience long
periods of remission without any new
symptoms.
There's no cure for multiple sclerosis.
However, treatments can help speed
recovery from attacks, modify the
course of the disease and manage
symptoms.
• Multiple sclerosis signs and symptoms may differ greatly from person to person and
over the course of the disease depending on the location of affected nerve fibers. They
may include:
• Numbness or weakness in one or more limbs that typically occurs on one side of your
body at a time, or the legs and trunk
• Partial or complete loss of vision, usually in one eye at a time, often with pain during
eye movement
• Prolonged double vision
• Tingling or pain in parts of your body
• Electric-shock sensations that occur with certain neck movements, especially
bending the neck forward (Lhermitte sign)
• Tremor, lack of coordination or unsteady gait
• Slurred speech
• Fatigue
• Dizziness
• Problems with bowel and bladder function
 In MS, the immune system
attacks the protective sheath
(myelin) that covers nerve
fibers and causes
communication problems
between your brain and the
rest of your body. Eventually,
the disease can cause the
nerves themselves to
deteriorate or become
permanently damaged.
 Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an
incurable disease of the
central nervous system that
can affect the brain, spinal cord
and optic nerves. Common
symptoms include fatigue,
bladder and bowel problems,
sexual problems, pain,
cognitive and mood changes
such as depression, muscular
and visual changes.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive
nervous system disorder that affects
movement. Symptoms start gradually,
sometimes starting with a barely
noticeable tremor in just one hand.
Tremors are common, but the disorder
also commonly causes stiffness or
slowing of movement.
In the early stages of Parkinson's
disease, your face may show little or no
expression. Your arms may not swing
when you walk. Your speech may
become soft or slurred. Parkinson's
disease symptoms worsen as your
condition progresses over time.
Although Parkinson's disease can't be
cured, medications might significantly
improve your symptoms. Occasionally,
your doctor may suggest surgery to
regulate certain regions of your brain
and improve your symptoms.
 Tremor. A tremor, or shaking, usually begins in a limb, often your hand or fingers. You
may a rub your thumb and forefinger back-and-forth, known as a pill-rolling tremor.
Your hand may tremor when it's at rest.
 Slowed movement (bradykinesia). Over time, Parkinson's disease may slow your
movement, making simple tasks difficult and time-consuming. Your steps may become
shorter when you walk. It may be difficult to get out of a chair. You may drag your feet as
you try to walk.
 Rigid muscles. Muscle stiffness may occur in any part of your body. The stiff muscles
can be painful and limit your range of motion.
 Impaired posture and balance. Your posture may become stooped, or you may have
balance problems as a result of Parkinson's disease.
 Loss of automatic movements. You may have a decreased ability to perform
unconscious movements, including blinking, smiling or swinging your arms when you
walk.
 Speech changes. You may speak softly, quickly, slur or hesitate before talking. Your
speech may be more of a monotone rather than with the usual inflections.
 Writing changes. It may become hard to write, and your writing may appear small.
 Parkinson's disease is
primarily caused by low and
falling dopamine levels. A
person with Parkinson's has
abnormally low dopamine
levels. Dopamine-generating
cells, known as dopaminergic
neurons (types of nerve cells)
in the substantia nigra part of
the brain have died.
 As Parkinson's disease
progresses, your digestive
tract will slow down and
function less efficiently. This
lack of movement may lead to
increased bowel irritability
and constipation. In addition,
certain medications often
prescribed to patients with
Parkinson's disease, such as
anticholinergics, can cause
constipation.