9.

Fuels
 FUELS
 Ignite at moderate
 With Exception of temperatures
Nuclear Materials
 Burn with
 Any Material that comparative rapidly
when reacts with
oxygen liberates  Obtainable in quantity
HEAT  At reasonable prices
Fuels
FUELS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Ultimate analyses of fuels (weight %)

Type of fuel Bituminous Fuel Oil Natural Gas

Coal
C 88 – 90 % 83 – 87 % 75 – 77 %

H 4–5% 11 – 13 % 23 – 25 %

O 3–4% 0.1 0 – 0.4 % Traces

S 1 – 2% 1–2% Traces

Net Calorific 33 – 35 MJ/kg 40- 41 MJ/kg 34 - 38 MJ/kg

Value
Calorific Value or Specific heat of combustion

 Heat generated per Unit Weight [MJ/kg]

 1.00 kg C + 2.67 kg O2 3.67 kg CO2 + 33.9 MJ

 1.00 kg C + 1.33 kg O2 2.33 kg CO + 10.0 MJ

 Thermal Units
 1 Joule
 Heat generated in one second by a current of 1 Amp
against a resistance of 1 Ohm
 1 Cal (Kcal)

 Heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram (kg) of

water 1 degree Centigrade
 1 BTU

 Heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water 1

Fahrenheit
Gross and Net Calorific value

 1 kg H2 + 8.0 kg O2 9.0 kg H2O + 119.9 MJ

Vapour Net C.V

 CONDENSATION 9.0 kg H2O + 20.3 MJ

Liquid

 Gross Calorific Value (Total) 140.2 MJ

Conversion from Gross to Net Calorific Value

 Net C.V. = G – (WB + WM) x Hc [MJ/kg]

 WB = Water generated by combustion [kg]

 WM = Moisture content of fuel [kg]
 Hc = Heat of condensation of water vapour (2.26 MJ/kg)
Net Calorific Value of various Fuels
Material Net CV [MJ/kg]
Pure Polyethylene 46
Heavy Oil 40
Pure Polystyrene 40
Tar (by-product) 38
Waste oils, various refinery wastes 30 - 38
Petcok 33
Waste tyres 28 -32
Bituminous coal (low ash) 29
Lignite (10 % moisture) 16 - 21
PVC 19
Fuller‘s earth 13 - 18
Dried wood, bark, saw dust (10 % moisture) 16
Dried sewage sludge (10 % moisture) 10
Oil shale 4
CV of Solid Fuels (Adiabatic Bombe Calorimeter)
CV of Solid Fuels (Adiabatic Bombe Calorimeter)
CV of Gases (Continuous Recording Calorimeter)
 A: Gas meter

 B: Pressure
Regulator
 C: Manometer
 T1,2: Thermo.

 D: Burner

 J: Calorimeter
vessel
 K: Tubes

 I: Condensed
combustion Pro.
 Solid Fuels

Solid Fuels

Natural Fuels Refined Fuels Secondary Fuels

Wood Peat Coke Charcoal
Lignate Bituminous Stones
Hard Coal
Anthrazite
Coal Formation
Deposit of Fossil Solid Fuels in Different Geological Eras
Coalification Sequence
Solid Fuels

Classiffication of Natural Solid

Fuels
Coal Formation
Coal Characterization

 There are three general types of coal analysis:

 Chemical Analysis

 Physical Analysis
 Microscopic Analysis
Chemical analysis
 „Proximate“ Analysis
 „Ultimate“ or Elemental
Composition
 Coal Ash composition

 „Proximate“ Analysis
 Moisture content
 Volatile matter (V.M.)
 Ash content
 Fixed Carbon (F.C.)
 %F.C.=100 – (%V.M. + %Ash)
Physical Analysis

 Hardness (Hardgrove)

 Surface Area Determination

 Mercury and Helium Density

 and Porosity
Hardgrove (coal hardness)
Microscopic Analysis
 Distinguishes the basic particles (macerals) in coal

 The concentration of the macerals indicate the coal type

Conversion of Coal Analysis to Different Bases
 The Basis must be given together with the analysis Results

 Base Symbol State of sample

 As received ar at moment of sampling or arrival

 Air dried ad water content in equilibrium with

moisture of surrounding air

 Dry dry dried at 106 degree C

Converting from Air dry basis to as received basis
Moisture
100 - ADL

Mar = Mad x 100+ ADL

Other parameters
100 - Mar

Par = Pad x 100 - Mad

Calculating Coal and Coke Analyses
Proximate Analysis
Analysis basis Air dried

Moisture 8.23 %
Ash 4.46 %
Volatile matter 40.05 %
Fixed carbon 47.26 %
Total 100.00
Net calorific value (Kcal/kg) 4540

Air dry loss (ADL) 16.36 %

Proximate analysis
Analysis Basis Air Dried Basis Dry Basis As Received
Basis

Moisture 8.23 % 23.24 %

Ash 4.46 % 4.86 % 3.73 %
Volatile matter 40.05 % 43.64 % 33.5 %
Fixed carbon 47.26 % 51.50 % 39.53 %
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
Net calorific 4540 4947 3797
value (Kcal/kg)

Air dry loss

(ADL) 16.36 %
Impact of Coal Ash Composition on clinker quality
Impact of Coal Ash Composition on clinker quality
Impact of Coal Ash Composition on clinker quality
Coal Ash
Coal Ash
Grindability of Coal as a function of Volatile Matter

 Volatile Matter [%]