BY AFEEFA REHMAN

WHAT IS SOUND?
 Sound comprises the spoken word, voices, music and even
noise.
 It is a complex relationship involving:
 a vibrating object (sound source)

 a transmission medium (usually air)

 a receiver (ear) and;

 a preceptor (brain).
THE POWER OF SOUND

Something vibrates Waves of pressure Ear drums will translate

in the air these changes in wave
Forms as sound

 Acoustics
 Sound pressure levels are measured in  dB (decibel)
 Sound waves are known as waveforms.
CHARACTERISTIC OF SOUND WAVES
Time for one cycle

Amplitude wavelength distance

along wave
Cycle
 CHARACTERISTIC OF SOUND WAVES

 Amplitude (or loudness)

 Frequency (f) (or pitch) refers to how many cycles pass by per second
 measured in Hertz, or Hz: cycles per second
 associated with this is period: T = 1/f
 Wavelength () is measured from crest-to-crest
 or trough-to-trough etc.
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ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL AUDIO
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Digitizing
 the process of converting an analog signal to a digital one.

 A sound is recorded by making a measurement of the amplitude

of the sound at regular intervals which are defined by the "sample
rate".
 The act of taking the measurement is often called "sampling" and
each measurement is called a "sample point".
DIGITAL AUDIO

 Digital audio data is the representation of sound,

stored in the form of samples point.
 Quality of digital recording depends on the sampling rate,
that is, the number of samples point taken per second (Hz).
SAMPLING OF ANALOGUE WAVEFORMS:
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High Sampling Rate

Samples stored in digital

form

waveform

Low Sampling Rate

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 The three sampling frequencies most often used in multimedia are 44.1 kHz(CD), 22.05 kHz and 11.025
kHz.
 The higher the sampling rate, the more the measurements are taken (better quality).
 The lower the sampling rate, the lesser the measurements are taken (low quality).

High Sampling Rate Low Sampling Rate

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 Quality factors for digital audio file

 1. Sampling Rate 2. Sample Size (resolution)
 the number of bits used to record the value of a sample in a
digitized signal.

Sampling Rate Sample size

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 Other than that, it also depends on:

 The quality of original audio source.
 The quality of capture device & supporting hardware.
 The characteristics used for capture.
 The capability of the playback environment.
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 More advanced Digital audio editing software:

 One of the most powerful and professional PC-based packages is a tool called Sound
Forge
Others audio editing software:
 COOL Edit Pro
 Gold Wave
 PROSONIQ SonicWORX
 Samplitude Studio
EDITING DIGITAL RECORDING

BY NATASHA YASMEEN
BASIC EDITING OPERATION

 Trimming
 Splicing and Assembly
 Volume Adjustments
 Format conversion
 Resampling or Down- sampling
 Fade-ins and Fade-outs
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 Equalization
 Time stretching
 Digital Signal Processing
 Reversing Sounds
 Multiple Tracks
 TRIMMING
 Removing “dead air” or blank space from the front of recording .
 Trimming make a big difference in our file size.
 Accomplish by
 Dragging the mouse course over a graphic representation of over
recording.
 Choosing a menu command such as Cut , Clear , or Erase.
 SPLICING AND ASSEMBLY

 Splicing is the old method to cut audio and sound into different shorts
part .
 Remove extraneous noises.
 Assemble means integrate
 Integrate and pasting together the splicing's parts (shorts parts).
 VOLUME ADJUSTMENT

 All segments have same volume

 To provide the consistent volume level , select all the data in the file and
rise and lower the over all volume by a certain amount.
 FORMAT CONVERSION

 Sound-editing software will save the file in different format like mp3 , wav
etc.
 We can convert any format to any other format.
 Disadvantage: 1) Data may be lost when converting format.
2) we may lost audio quality.
 RESAMPLING OR DOWN-SAPLING

 Reduce or remove the frequencies that cannot be represented at the

lower sample rate.
 FADE-INS AND FADE-OUTS

 Fades most common effect.

 It is used to smooth out the very beginning and the very end of a sound
file .
 Fade effect frequently produce a transition from silence (fade in) or a
transition to silence (fade out)
 EQUALIZATION

 Programs offers Digital equalization.

 EQ allow to modify a recording’s frequency content
so that it sound brighter ( more high frequencies )
or darker ( more low frequencies )
 TIME STRETCHING

 Alter the length of a sound file without changing its pitch.

 Disadvantage: Time stretching degrade the audio quality of the file.
 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

 Processing the signal with different effects like Multitap delay , using DSP
 REVERSING SOUNDS

 Simple manipulation is to reverse all or a portion of a digital audio

recording .
 MULTIPLE TRACKS

 Able to edit and combine tracks and then merge tracks and exports
than in a reports then in a “final mix” to a single audio file is important.
MIDI AUDIO
 Musical Instrument Digital Interface.
 Is a communication standard develop in 1980’s for
electronic instrument and computers.
 It allows instrument from different manufactures to
communicate
 But MIDI data is not digitized ,its only music data stored
in numeric form.
 Digital audio is recording where as MIDI is a score.
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 Device independent.
 To make MIDI , we need
 Notation software
 Sequencer software
 Synthesizer
 MIDI keyboard
 MIDI VS DIGITAL AUDIO
 MIDI files are more compact than audio file .
 MIDI is small than DA.
 MIDI can be easily embedded into the web pages.
 If MIDI sound source is of high quality , this sound is better than audio
files .
 MIDI data is completely editable.
 MIDI data is easily converted to musical notations than DA.
 MULTIMEDIA SYSTEM SOUND
 We can use sound on computer for any action performed with it .
 open the sound control panel to listen to the system sounds , change
them ,make new , or custom sound .
 In windows sounds are wave files, they reside in windows/ Media sub
directory .
 They includes chimes .wav chord.wav etc .
 OS x on Mac system, we can only change the system alter sound .
AUDIO FILE FORMATS

 An audio file format is a file format for storing digital audio data on a
computer system.
 This data can be stored compressed and uncompressed form to reduce
the file size.
 It is usually an audio data format with defined storage layer.

BY RIDA FATIMA
TYPES:
AUDIO FILE FORMATS

 Compressed:
 Lossy(used in online services like  Un-compressed:
Amazon).  WAV(wave format)
 Lossless(FLAC and Apple Losses).  AIFF(Audio Interchange file
 Lossless is larger than Lossy. format).
AUDIO FILE FORMATS
 A sound file format is a recognized methodology for compressing
data bits of digitized sound into a data file.
 The structure of the file must be known even before the data can be
saved or later loaded into a computer to be edited or played a
sound.
 The file name extension identifies the method of storage used.
 Digitized sounds may be stored as data files, resources, or
applications such as AIFF or AIFC.
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 In windows, digitized sounds are usually stored as WAV files.

 Both can use MIDI files(.mid).
 There are many ways to store the bit and bytes that describe a sample waveform sound.
The method used for consumer grade music CD’s is LPCM(Linear pulse code
Modulation).
 CD-ROM/XA (Extended Architecture) format for reading and writing was developed
later so one can put several recording session of music to be placed on a single CD-R
(Recordable disc).
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 LPCM tracks from an Audio CD are usually converted and stored on a

computer in uncompressed AIFF or WAV format.
 AIFF (Audio Interchange File format).
 WAV (wave format).
 For Example:
An audio CD may hold an hours uncompressed LPCM, if the content is
stored in MP3 format then we can store 7hours content with a slight loss in
quality.
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 WMA (window media audio) is a format that are used to improve mp3.
 Mp4 format is based on Apple Quick Time Movies(.mov) “container
model”. It is similar to the MOV format that stores different type of
media.
 Mp4 extension is used when file streams audio and video together.
 M4a extension is used only when files contain only audio data.
 M4p extension contain only audio.
SOME FILE FORMATS:
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 M4r files are used for ringtones in Apple 'iPhone.

 Other GSM phones use 3gp file format for ring tones.
 AAC(Advanced Audio Coding) format is adopted by Apple's Tune store.
 ACC is a default file format for
ipod,ipad,iphone,playstation,Motorola,Nokia,Samsung,Philips,sony etc.
 Mp3 format was developed by the Moving Picture expert
Group(MPEG)during the 1990’s in the most common method of storing
sound.
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 The most common sound formats are :

WAV,AIFF,AAC,FLV,MP3,MP4,MOV,OGG,MIDI,MMF,3G2,3GP,3GP2,3GP
P.
 Be sure your audio software can read and write the formats you need.
SOME FILE FORMATS:
CODEC:

 Codec (compressor – decompressor) is a software that compress a

stream of audio and video data for storage or transmission, then
decompressor is playback.
 Some codecs are lossy and some are lossless.
 Lossy codecs reduce file size and transmission speed and lossless codecs
can never altered the original data.
 MP3
AAC
CODEC:
(OGG) Vorbis
WMA
VAUGHAN’S LAW:

 A classic physical law (Law of minimum) propose that the evolution of

eyesight, locomotor speed, sense of smell, or many other species trait will
cease when that trait become sufficiently adequate to meet the survival
requirements of the competitive environment.
 If the trait is good enough, the organism expends no more effort
improving it.
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 Like if consumer grades electronics and handheld microphone are good

enough for making your sound , and if you, your client, and your audience
are all satisfied with the results , conserve your energy and money and
avoid anymore expenditures. And keep this law of the minimum in your
mind.
 ADDING SOUND TO YOUR MULTIMEDIA PROJECT:

 The original 128k Macintosh, released in January 1984, was technically a

multimedia-capable machine.
 It display a bitmapped Graphics(albeit in black and white).
 Bitmap graphic is composed of many tiny parts called pixels.
 These graphics are made up of pixels of different colors.
 When you resize a bitmap graphics, it can lose a quality.
ADDING SOUND TO YOUR MULTIMEDIA PROJECT:

 Whether you work on Macintosh or in window you will need a following

steps to bring audio recording into your multimedia project:
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 Determine the file format that are compatible with Multimedia authoring
S/W.
 Determine the sound playback capabilities that the end users system
offers.
 Decide what type of sound needed (such as background music, special
sound effects, and spoken dialogue).Decide where these audio events will
occur in the flow of your project.
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 Decide where and when you want to use the digital audio or MIDI data.
 Acquire source material by creating it from scratch or buying it.
 Edit the sound to fit your project.
 Test the sound to be sure that they are timed properly with the project
images.
KEEP TRACK OF YOUR SOUNDS:

 Its important to maintain a good database, keeping a physical track of

your original material just in case that when your disk drive crashes or
you accidentally delete the all files.
 A database is very important in sound files.
 You may need a more descriptive cross-reference.
 You don’t want to have to load and play many sounds files just to find the
one you need.
KEEP TRACK OF YOUR SOUNDS:

 Audio CDs.
 Sound for your mobile phone.
 Sound for the internet.